eukaryotes

Organelles

specialized bodies in eukaryotic cytoplasm

Prokaryotic cells

bacteria archaea

Eukaryotic cells

animals plants fungi protists

Prokaryotic chromosome

single circular double-stranded DNA

Prokaryotic chromosome location

nucleoid

Pili function

attachment and DNA transfer

Golgi apparatus function

modifies stores packages proteins

Golgi apparatus structure

stack of flattened sacs called cisternae

Nucleolus role

provides ribosomes to RER

Transport vesicles

ER proteins sent to Golgi for modification

Condensing vesicles

carry proteins to organelles or secretion

Lysosomes

enzyme vesicles for digestion and defense

Vacuoles

sacs for digestion excretion or storage

Mitochondria function

energy production ATP storage

Mitochondria structure

outer membrane inner folded cristae

Cristae role

hold enzymes and electron carriers

Mitochondria division

independent of cell

Mitochondria matrix

contains DNA and ribosomes

Chloroplast function

photosynthesis

Chloroplast location

plants algae

Chloroplast structure

thylakoids stacked into grana with pigments

Chloroplast role

produce organic nutrients

Ribosomes composition

rRNA and proteins

Ribosomes location

cytoplasm or RER

Ribosomes function

protein synthesis

Fungi majority

unicellular or colonial

Fungi forms

hyphae yeast

Dimorphic fungi

can switch between forms

Fungal nutrition

heterotrophic

Most fungi lifestyle

saprobes

Some fungi

parasitic

Mycoses

fungal infections

Filamentous fungi texture

cottony hairy velvety

Mycelium

mass of hyphae

Vegetative hyphae

digest absorb nutrients

Reproductive hyphae

produce spores

Hyphae

threadlike cells forming molds

Yeast

single-celled reproduce by budding

Sporangiospores

spores in sac that ruptures

Conidiospores

free spores not in sac

Fungal reproduction

mainly by spores

Sexual spore formation

fusion of strains to form new structures

Protists two groups

algae protozoa

Algae

unicellular or colonial photosynthetic

Protozoa

unicellular eukaryotes lacking tissues

Protozoa traits

variable shape no cell wall mostly unicellular heterotrophic

Protozoa locomotion

flagella cilia pseudopods

Protozoa reproduction

asexual or sexual

Trophozoite

active feeding stage

Cyst

dormant stage

Parasitic helminths

multicellular animals with organs

Helminth mouthparts

used for attachment digestion

Helminth sex organs

produce eggs and sperm

Helminth eggs

pass through larval stages

Flatworms

no body cavity blind gut

Cestodes

tapeworms

Trematodes

flukes with suckers

Roundworms

nematodes with complete digestive tract cuticle spines hooks

Helminth classification

based on structure reproduction and life cycle

Helminth identification

microscopic detection of worm eggs or larvae