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Ecumene

The permanently inhabited portion of the earth's surface

Rural

Areas (farms and villages) with low concentrations of people

Urban

Areas (cities) with high concentrations of people

Suburbs

Primarily residential areas near cities

Settlement

A place with a permanent human population

Urbanization

The process of developing towns and cities; an ongoing process

Percent Urban

The proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns compared to rural areas

Site

The characteristics at the immediate location of a place (physical features, climate, labor force)

Situation

The location of a place relative to its surroundings and connectivity to other places

City-State

An urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages with its own political system

Urban Hearth

An area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys where early city-states emerged

Urban Area

A central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes including surrounding suburbs

City

A higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries

Metropolitan Area (Metro Area)

A collection of adjacent cities economically connected across which population density is high and continuous

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

A city of at least 50,000 people, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties with high social and economic integration

Micropolitan Statistical Area

A city of more than 10,000 but less than 50,000 inhabitants and surrounding counties with high integration

Nodal Region

A focal point in a matrix of connections; a city defined by its economic and social connections

Social Heterogeneity

The presence of a greater variety of people in cities compared to other areas

Time-Space Compression

The process by which improvements in transportation and communication effectively reduce distances

Borchert's Transportation Model

A model describing urban growth based on transportation technology divided into four epochs

Pedestrian Cities

The earliest urban centers shaped by the distances people could walk

Streetcar Suburbs

Communities that grew up along rail lines, often creating a pinwheel-shaped city

Suburbanization

The process of people moving from cities to residential areas on the outskirts

Sprawl

The rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city

Leap-Frog Development

When developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city's built area

Boomburbs

Rapidly growing communities (over 10% per decade) with population over 100,000 that are not the largest city in the metro area

Edge Cities

Nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities along transportation routes

Counter-Urbanization (Deurbanization)

The counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities

Exurbs

Prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs

Reurbanization

The process of suburbanites returning to live in the city

Megacities

Cities with a population of more than 10 million people

Metacities

Urban areas with a population greater than 20 million, or a network of urban areas that have grown together

Megalopolis

A chain of connected cities forming a continuous urban corridor

Conurbation

An uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

World Cities (Global Cities)

Cities such as New York, London, Tokyo, and Paris that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries

Urban Hierarchy

A ranking of cities based on influence or population size

Nodal Cities

Command centers on a regional and occasionally national level (e.g., Denver, Phoenix, Minneapolis)

Urban System

An interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale

Rank-Size Rule

The nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city

Higher-Order Services

Expensive services that need a large population and are only occasionally used (e.g., sports teams, luxury dealerships)

Lower-Order Services

Less expensive services used daily or weekly that require a small population (e.g., gas stations, grocery stores)

Primate City

A city more than twice as large as the next largest city; the social, political, and economic hub of the system

Gravity Model

Larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther away

Central Place Theory

Walter Christaller's 1933 model explaining the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region

Central Place

A location where people go to receive goods and services

Market Area

The zone containing people who will purchase goods or services from a central place

Hexagonal Hinterlands

The market areas Christaller used to depict service zones, compromising between squares and circles

Threshold

The minimum population size necessary for a particular service to exist and remain profitable

Range

The maximum distance people will travel to obtain a specific good or service

Functional Zonation

The idea that portions of an urban area have specific and distinct purposes

Central Business District (CBD)

The commercial heart of a city, focus of transportation and high-order services

Bid-Rent Theory

Land in the center of a city has higher value than land farther away; land use is more intense closer to the CBD

Commensal Relationship

When commercial interests benefit each other by locating in the same zone

Residential Zones

Areas of a city where people live, generally separate from CBD and industrial zones

Concentric Zone Model

The Burgess model describing a city as a series of rings surrounding a central business district

Sector Model (Hoyt's Model)

A model describing wedges or sectors of land use radiating outward from the CBD

Harris and Ullman Multiple-Nuclei Model

A model suggesting functional zonation occurs around multiple centers or nodes

Peripheral Model

A variant of the multiple-nuclei model describing suburban neighborhoods along a ring road or beltway

Galactic City Model

A model where an original CBD is surrounded by a system of smaller nodes; based on Detroit

Griffin-Ford Model

A model used to describe Latin American cities with a two-part CBD and commercial spine

Commercial Spine

A corridor of development extending from the urban core in the Latin American city model

Mall

The growing secondary center at the end of the commercial spine in Latin American cities

Periférico

The outer ring of Latin American cities showing poverty, lack of infrastructure, and shantytowns

Shantytowns

Areas of poorly built housing in the outer ring of Latin American cities

Favelas (Barrios)

Neighborhoods in Latin American cities marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness

Disamenity Zones

Areas not connected to city services and often under criminal control; location of favelas

Traditional CBD

The pre-colonial commercial center in African cities with small shops along narrow streets

Colonial CBD

The European-built commercial center in African cities with broad avenues and large homes

Informal Economy Zone

Curbside and stall-based businesses that hire temporarily and do not follow all regulations

Periodic Markets

Markets in African cities where small-scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly to sell goods

Informal Settlements

Densely populated areas built without coordinated planning and without sufficient public services

Squatter Settlements

Informal settlements at the periphery of African cities lacking electricity, water, and sewage

McGee Model

A model describing Southeast Asian cities where the focus is a former colonial port zone

Zoning Ordinances

Regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used

Urban Planning

The process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

Inner City

Residential areas surrounding the CBD in North America with the highest population density

Residential Density Gradient

The variation in population and housing density from the inner city outward

Filtering

The process by which houses pass from one social group to another, usually from wealthier to less wealthy

Invasion and Succession

The process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering

Urban Infill

The process of increasing residential density by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences

Suburbanization of Business

The movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper

Infrastructure

The facilities and systems that serve the population of a city

Municipal

Referring to the local government of a city or town and its services

Municipality

A local entity under the same jurisdiction

Annexation

The process of adding land to a city's legally defined territory

Incorporation

The act of legally joining together to form a new city

Bedroom Communities

Peripheral municipalities that lack a true CBD and function as commuter suburbs

Unincorporated Areas

Populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality

Public Transportation

Buses, subways, light rail, and trains operated by a government agency

Sustainability

Using the earth's resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment

Smart-Growth Policies

Policies to combat urban sprawl and create more sustainable and equitable cities

Greenbelts

Areas of undeveloped land around an urban area created to limit growth and preserve farmland

Slow-Growth Cities

Cities that adopt policies to slow outward spread and limit building permits (e.g., Boulder, Portland)

New Urban Design

A set of strategies to put smart growth into action including mixed-use neighborhoods and human-scale design

Mixed-Use Neighborhoods

Neighborhoods with a combination of homes and businesses, walkable and socially diverse

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)

Locating mixed-use residential and business communities near mass transit stops

Livability

A set of principles supporting sustainable urban design including affordable housing and accessible transportation

Quantitative Data

Information that can be counted, measured, or sequenced by numeric value

Population Composition

A description of people's income, age, gender, ethnicity, race, and family size from census data

Census Tracts

Contiguous geographic regions of 4,000–12,000 people that function as the foundation of a census