Study Me- Bio 12 and 13

Study set for chapter's 12 and 13

Which function of the skeleton do the rib cage, vertebral column, and skull represent?

support the body

protect soft body parts

produce blood cells

store minerals and fats

permit flexible body movement

protect soft body parts

*The rib cage protects internal organs. The skull protects the brain, and the vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
(Section 12.01)

Which function of the skeletal system requires the leg bones to be extremely strong?

They support the entire body.

They protect soft body parts.

They produce blood cells.

They store minerals and fat.

They permit flexible body movement.

They support the entire body.

*The skeletal system supports the entire body. This requires the leg bones to be very strong in order to provide the support.
(Section 12.01)

Where, besides adipose tissue, is fat stored?

matrix of bone

yellow bone marrow

red bone marrow

periosteum

articular cartilage

yellow bone marrow

*Fat is stored in yellow bone marrow.
(Section 12.01)

Only certain bones in the fetus produce blood cells, but all the bones in the adult produce blood cells.

True

False

false

*Only certain bones in the adult produce blood cells, but all the bones in the fetus produce blood cells.
(section 12.01)

From the outside of a long bone inside, what is the first tissue encountered?

compact bone

spongy bone

periosteum

medullary cavity

bone marrow

periosteum

*The periosteum is a layer of fibrous connective tissue that completely covers a long bone except for the articular cartilage at the bone's ends.
(section 12.01)

What term is associated with spongy bone but not with compact bone?

canaliculi

osteocytes

trabeculae

bone marrow

blood vessels

trabeculae

*Both spongy and compact bone have osteocytes, canaliculi, bone marrow, and blood vessels but only spongy bone has trabeculae.
(section 12.01)

What is a canaliculus?

the large cavity inside a long bone

a stress plate in spongy bone

a fibrous connective covering of bone

a small channel in the matrix of bone

a type of bone forming cell

a small channel in the matrix of bone

*Tiny canals called canaliculi (sing., canaliculus) run through the matrix of bone.
(section 12.01)

The medullary cavity is within the diaphysis of a long bone.

True

False

true

*The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone and the medullary cavity is within it.
(section 12.01)

Bone cells are called \_________________ while cartilage cells are called \________________.

osteocytes, osteoblasts

lacunae, osteocytes

chondrocytes, lacunae

osteoblasts, chondrocytes

osteocytes, chondrocytes

osteocytes, chondrocytes

*Cells in bone are called osteocytes while cells in cartilage are called chondrocytes.
(section 12.01)

What type of cartilage is found at the ends of the long bones?

elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

spongy

compact

hyaline cartilage

*Hyaline cartilage is found at the ends of long bones, the nose, at the ends of the ribs, and in the larynx and trachea. Elastic cartilage is found in the ear flaps and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is found in the knee joint and intervertebral discs. Spongy and compact are bone types.
(section 12.01)

Jason broke his finger playing football, while Sean tore the cartilage in his knee playing basketball. Which one will heal faster and why?

Jason, bones have a blood supply and heal faster

Jason, fingers bear less weight than knees do

Sean, cartilage has a blood supply and heal faster

Sean, knees can be immobilized easier than fingers

Jason, fingers require fewer nutrients to repair because they are small

Jason, bones have a blood supply and heal faster

*Cartilage is lacking a blood supply and this makes it slow to heal.
(section 12.01)

The epiglottis is a structure that needs to be strong but extremely flexible. What type of tissue makes up the epiglottis?

elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

bone

muscle

elastic cartilage

*The epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage.
(section 12.01)

Bones continue to grow throughout a lifetime.

True

False

true

*Bones are able to respond to stress by changing size, shape, and strength throughout our lifetime.
(section 12.05)

Bone recycling allows the body to regulate what?

the amount of sodium in the blood

the amount of calcium in the blood

the amount of sodium in the bone

the amount of vitamin C in the blood

the amount of vitamin D in the bone

the amount of calcium in the blood

*Bone serves as a storage reservoir for calcium and recycling allows the body to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood.
(section 12.05)

Exercise stimulates the activity of osteoclasts instead of osteoblasts.

True

False

false

*Exercise stimulates the activity of osteoblasts (bone forming) instead of osteoclasts (bone absorbing).
(section 12.05)

What two hormones are involved in regulating the blood calcium level?

calcitonin and renin

renin and aldosterone

renin and PTH

aldosterone and PTH

PTH and calcitonin

PTH and calcitonin

*PTH stimules osteoclasts while calcitonin has the opposite effect.
(section 12.05)

How are osteocytes and osteoblasts related?

Osteocytes become osteoblasts as the bone matures.

Osteoblasts become osteocytes as the bone matures.

Osteocytes and osteoblasts have the same function, but osteocytes work in the adult and osteoblasts work in the fetus.

Osteocytes and osteoblasts work opposite each other.

One builds up bone while the other absorbs it.

Osteocytes are mature bone cells while osteoblasts are a form of bone cancer.

Osteoblasts become osteocytes as the bone matures.

*When an osteoblast is surrounded by calcified matrix, it becomes an osteocyte.
(section 12.05)

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the region of primary ossification of a bone?

Osteoblasts are derived from the newly formed periosteum.

Bone formation spreads from the center to the ends of the bone.

As the cartilage models calcify, the chondrocytes die off.

The region of primary ossification is where osteoclasts are laid down on the outside of the bone.

A band of cartilage remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center.

The region of primary ossification is where osteoclasts are laid down on the outside of the bone.

*The region of primary ossification is where osteoblasts lay down spongy bone in the interior of the bone.
(section 12.05)

As long as the growth plate remains, the limbs will keep increasing in length.

True

False

true

*The limbs keep increasing in length as long as growth plates, bands of cartilage, are still present.
(section 12.05)

Which bones develop by intramembranous ossification?

the long bones of the leg

the long bones of the arms

the ribs

the fingers

the skull

skull

*Flat bones, such as the bones of the skull, develop by intramembranous ossification.
(section 12.05)

Arrange the steps of bone repair in order. 1. Remodeling; 2. Bony callus; 3. Hematoma; 4. Fibrocartilaginous callus

1,2,3,4

4,3,2,1

1,2,4,3

3,4,2,1

2,1,4,3

3,4,2,1

*The order of bone repair is hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, followed by a bony callus, and remodeling.
(section 12.05)

How long does the bony callus in a bone repair last?

1-2 days

3-4 weeks

3-4 months

1-2 years

more than 10 years

3-4 months

*The bony callus lasts about three to four months.
(section 12.05)

How is bone repair different from bone development?

A hematoma indicates an injury has occurred.

Osteoblasts are not involved in bone repair but they are in bone development.

Osteoclasts are involved in bone development but not in bone repair.

Only spongy bone is built in bone repair while both spongy and compact bone are built in bone development.

There is no cartilage involved in bone repair but there is in bone development.

A hematoma indicates an injury has occurred.

*In some ways, bone repair parallels the development of a bone except that the first step, hematoma, indicates that injury has occurred.
(section 12.05)

A simple break of the tibia is when the bone is broken clear through.

True

False

false

*A simple break means that the bone does not pierce the skin. A complete fracture occurs when the bone is broken clear through.
(section 12.05)

What criterion is used to categorize the skeleton into axial and appendicular?

whether the bones are weight bearing or not

whether the bones lie on the midline or on a girdle

whether the bones are flat or long

whether the bones contain red bone marrow or yellow bone marrow

whether the bones articulate with the pelvis or not

whether the bones lie on the midline or on a girdle

*If the bones lie on the midline of the body, they are part of the axial skeleton. If they are part of the girdles or hang from them, they are appendicular.
(section 12.02)

Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton?

clavicle

hyoid

temporal

rib

vertebrae

clavicle

*The clavicle is part of the appendicular skeleton.
(section 12.02)

Which bone in the body does not articulate with any other bone?

scapula

maxilla

hyoid

coccyx

temporal

hyoid

*The hyoid bone is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone.
(section 12.02)

Jill broke her cheekbone in an ice skating accident. Which bone did she break?

temporal bone

mandible

maxilla

zygomatic bone

frontal bone

zygomatic bone

*The zygomatic bone forms the cheekbone.
(section 12.02)

How are the bones of the cranium named?

for their articulations with the vertebral column

for whether they are formed from cartilage or not

for their shape

for their size

for the lobes of the brain they protect

for the lobes of the brain they protect

*The bones of the cranium (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) have the same names as the lobes of the brain.
(section 12.02)

How many vertebrae are there?

5

10

18

24

33

33

*There are 33 vertebrae.
(section 12.02)

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra? Why?

atlas, Greek mythology

atlas, it allows "yes" motion of the head

axis, Roman mythology

axis, it allows the "no" motion of the head

sphinoid, Egyptian sphinx mythology

atlas, Greek mythology

*The first cervical vertebra, called the atlas, holds up the head. Atlas, of Greek mythology, held up the world.
(section 12.02)

The thoracic vertebrae are associated with the ribs.

True

False

true

*There are twelve thoracic vertebrae named because they articulate with the ribs.
(section 12.02)

The name of the "tailbone" is the

lumbar.

sacrum.

coccyx.

sphinoid.

axis.

coccyx

*The tailbone is three to five fused vertebrae called the coccyx.
(section 12.02)

What are the functions of the sinuses?

to drain fluid from the brain and to allow the brain to expand

to give a resonant sound to the voice and to allow the brain to expand

to lighten the skull and drain fluid from the brain

to lighten the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice

to allow the brain to expand and to lighten the skull

to lighten the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice

*The sinuses reduce the weight of the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice.
(section 12.02)

What are the intervertebral disks made of?

bone

skeletal muscle

hyaline cartilage

fibrocartilage

elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage

*Between the vertebrae are intervertebral disks composed of fibrocartilage that acts as padding.
(section 12.02)

All 12 pairs of ribs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae in the back and the sternum in the front.

True

False

false

*While all 12 pairs of ribs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae in the back, only 7 pairs connect to the sternum in the front.
(section 12.02)

Due to the compression of her intervertebral disks, Carla had several of her lumbar vertebrae fused together. How does this affect Carla?

She will have limited movement in that area.

She will not be affected at all.

She will need assistance in walking.

She will be unable to stand upright.

She will be unable to lie flat on her back.

She will have limited movement in that area.

*The intervertebral disks allow the vertebrae to move as we bend forward, backward, and from side to side. If the vertebrae are fused together, this type of movement will be limited.
(section 12.02)

Which of the following bones is not part of the pectoral girdle and attached limbs?

clavicle

sternum

scapula

ulna

humerus

sternum

*The sternum is part of the axial skeleton.
(section 12.03)

Emma developed a rotator cuff injury. What part of her body is injured?

neck

upper back

shoulder

lower back

lower arm

shoulder

*The rotator cuff attaches the humerus to the scapula at the shoulder region.
(section 12.03)

How many bones are present in the pelvic girdle?

one

two

three

four

five

two

*The pelvic girdle consists of two large coxal bones.
(section 12.03)

Which of the following is not part of the coxal bone?

patella

ilium

ischium

pubis

acetabulum

patella

*The patella is the knee cap.
(section 12.03)

The head of the radius is located at the

elbow.

wrist.

shoulder.

sternum.

knee.

elbow

*The head of the radius is located at the elbow.
(section 12.03)

The humerus fits into what at the shoulder?

acetabulum

clavicle

acromion process

glenoid cavity

olecranon process

glenoid cavity

*The humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
(section 12.03)

It is not possible to tell whether skeletal remains are male or female.

True

False

false

*The male and female pelvis differ from each other and can be used to identify the sex of skeletal remains.
(section 12.03)

When you hit your "funny bone", what are you hitting?

olecranon process

deltoid tuberosity

acromion process

head of ulna

glenoid cavity

olecranon process

*Your "funny bone" is the olecranon process of the ulna.
(section 12.03)

Daniel has a very large deltoid tuberosity. This is probably because Daniel

is a pianist.

spends a lot of time playing video games.

lifts heavy weights with his arms.

plays basketball.

is a runner.

lifts heavy weights with his arms.

*The deltoid tuberosity on the humerus is where the deltoid muscle attaches. It increases in size with heavy lifting.
(section 12.03)

Which bone is the longest and strongest bone in the body?

humerus

pelvis

tibia

fibula

femur

femur

*The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body.
(section 12.03)

What holds the patella in place?

the lateral epicondyle

the quadriceps tendon

the medial condyle

the lateral malleolus

the greater trochanter

the quadriceps tendon

*The patella is held in place by the quadriceps tendon.
(section 12.03)

There are phalanges in both the lower limbs and upper limbs.

True

False

true

*The bones of the fingers and the toes are called phalanges.
(section 12.03)

Which of the following is not a type of joint?

trochanter

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

suture

trochanter

*A trochanter is not a type of joint, they are large bony projections located on the femur.
(section 12.03)

What of the following joints is a fibrous joint?

sutures between cranial bones

ribs and sternum

intervertebral disks

elbow

knee

sutures between cranial bones

*Many fibrous joints, such as the sutures between the cranial bones, are immovable.
(section 12.04)

Which type of joints tend to be slightly movable?

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

sutures

none of these are slightly moveable

cartilaginous

*Cartilaginous joints tend to be slightly movable.
(section 12.04)

A ligament connects

cartilage to bone.

muscle to bone.

bone to bone.

a cartilaginous joint.

muscle to muscle.

bone to bone.

*Ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons connect muscle to bone. Cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage. Muscles are connected to other muscles by aponeurosis.
(section 12.04)

Which of the following is not associated with a synovial joint?

bursae

menisci

ligaments

fibrocartilage

fibrous capsule

fibrocartilage

*Fibrocartilage is another type of joint. It is not found in a synovial joint.
(section 12.04)

A meniscus is made up of synovial fluid found within a joint.

True

False

false

*A meniscus is a C-shaped piece of hyaline cartilage.
(section 12.04)

Which part of a synovial joint is a fluid-filled sac?

symphysis

suture

synovial membrane

menisci

bursa

bursa

*The bursae are fluid-filled sacs that ease friction in a joint.
(section 12.04)

When you nod your head "yes", what type of movement are you using?

flexion and extension

adduction and abduction

rotation

circumduction

inversion

flexion and extension

*Nodding "yes" is flexion and extension.
(section 12.04)

When you kick your foot out in front of you, what type of movement are you using?

adduction and abduction

flexion and extension

rotation

eversion

inversion

flexion and extension

*Kicking your foot out in front of you involves flexion and extension.
(section 12.04)

When Phillip was little, he walked on the outside edge of his feet. This is what type of movement?

rotation

eversion

inversion

circumduction

adduction and abduction

inversion

*Walking on the outside of your foot so that the sole of the foot turns inward is called inversion.
(section 12.04)

A synovial joint allows for flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, and inversion and eversion, but not rotation and circumduction.

True

False

false

*A synovial joint allows for all of these types of movement.
(section 12.04)

What term is used to describe bone cells?

osteocytes

chondrocytes

trabeculae

periosteum

epiphysis

osteocytes

*Osteocytes refer to bone cells. Chondrocytes refers to cartilage cells. Trabeculae refers to the thin plates found in the spongy bone. Periosteum refers to the fibrous connective tissue that covers a bone. Epiphysis refers to the expanded end of a long bone.
(section 12.01)

Which bone is part of the pelvic girdle?

coxal bones

clavicle

femur

scapula

talus

coxal bones

*The coxal bones are part of the pelvic girdle. The clavicle and scapula are part of the pectoral girdle. The femur is the bone in the thigh. The talus is a bone in the ankle.
(section 12.03)

Which bone is part of the pectoral girdle?

clavicle

radius

ulna

carpals

manubrium

clavicle

*The clavicle is part of the pectoral girdle. The radius, ulna, and carpals are part of the forearm and bones of the hand. The manubrium is part of the sternum.
(section 12.03)

Which joint has the greatest range of motion?

synovial

sutures

fibrous

cartilaginous

All of these are equally movable.

synovial

*Synovial joints have the greatest range of motion. Sutures and fibrous joints are immovable. Cartilaginous joints are slightly movable.
(section 12.04)

Which joint action allows for the body part to move towards the midline?

adduction

abduction

flexion

pronation

eversion

adduction

*Adduction is the movement of a body part to the midline of the body. Abduction is the movement of the body part away from the midline. Flexion is the increase in the joint angle. Pronation is when the hand faces downward. Eversion is when the sole of the foot turns outward.
(section 12.04)

The spinal cord belongs to the

central nervous system.

The central nervous system is protected by

bone

The division between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system is based on the anatomical differences between cells in the two locations.

false

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

cushion and protect soft tissue

Which of the following is mismatched?

somatic motor nerves: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

Which of the following is not a type of neuron?

neuroglia

The cells of the nervous tissue are all neurons, cells that transmit nerve impulses.

false

Which of the following parts of a neuron is correctly matched?

axon-conducts nerve impulses

Which one of the following is entirely located within the central nervous system?

interneuron

Which of the following is associated with the PNS but not the CNS?

Schwann cells

Which of the following types of nerves is not covered by a protective myelin sheath?

gray matter of the CNS

The gap where there is no myelin sheath around a nerve fiber is called a node of Ranvier.

true

Why is the outside of a neuron positively charged?

because sodium ions gather around the outside of the cell membrane

Depolarization of the neuron occurs when

sodium gates open and sodium moves inside the cell.

The action potential in a neuron is an all-or-nothing event.

true

The entire action potential (depolarization and repolarization) occurs in a matter of

milliseconds.

What ensures the one-way direction of an action potential?

As soon as the action potential has passed by, that portion of the axon undergoes a short refractory period.

Which conducts an action potential faster and why?

myelinated fibers, the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to another

The intensity of a message is determined by how many action potentials are generated within a given time.

true

Place the events in the transmission of an action potential in the correct order. 1. An action potential begins in the receiving neuron. 2. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. 3. An action potential arrives at an axon terminal. 4. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal. 5. Sodium ions diffuse into the receiving neuron. 6. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. 7. Neurotransmitters molecules bind to the membrane of the receiving neuron.

3,4,6,2,7,5,1

Which of the following could happen to the neurotransmitter once it binds to the receiving membrane receptors?

reabsorbed by the sending membrane

Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter?

ATP

There are only two types of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine for excitation and norepinephrine for inhibition.

false

What is the summing up of the excitatory and inhibitory signals by a neuron called?

integration

Which of the following statements is not true concerning acetylcholine's function?

Acetylcholine has an excitatory effect on smooth muscle and glands.

When a neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft, the response of the receiving neuron will be toward excitation.

false

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord contain only white matter--myelinated axons that run together in bundles.

The spinal cord extends from the base of the brain through a large opening in the skull called the inferior ventricle.

false

Which of the following statements is not true concerning spinal nerves?

Spinal nerves are considered part of the CNS.

The white matter of the spinal cord surrounds the gray matter.

true

Which of the following is not a part of the brain?

central canal

The cerebrum is associated with the

two lateral ventricles.

Which is the largest part of the brain?

cerebrum

The brain stem contains the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.

true

The thalamus is on the receiving end for all sensory input except the

sense of smell.