apush period 5

What was Manifest Destiny?

The belief that Americans were destined to expand westward across North America.

What were the main causes of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877?

Nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advancements, and reform ideals.

What was the significance of the Texas Revolution?

It led to Texas declaring independence from Mexico and eventually joining the United States.

Who was Sam Houston?

A leader in the Texas Revolution who declared Texas independent and later became its first president.

What was the outcome of the Battle of the Alamo?

Mexican troops defeated Texan defenders, killing all of them.

What was the Aroostook War?

A conflict over the boundary dispute between Maine and British Canada.

What was the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?

An 1842 treaty that resolved the boundary dispute between Maine and British Canada.

What was the significance of the Election of 1844?

It centered around the annexation of Texas and the expansion of slavery, leading to the nomination of James K. Polk.

What was Polk's slogan regarding Oregon?

'Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!' which referred to the northern latitude line of the Oregon Territory.

What was the outcome of the Oregon boundary dispute?

The US and Britain agreed to divide the territory at the 49th parallel.

What were the effects of the California Gold Rush?

A massive influx of population to California, with significant numbers of Chinese miners.

What was the role of mountain men in westward expansion?

They were early explorers and fur traders who opened up the Far West.

What was the impact of the railroads on western cities?

Railroads facilitated the growth of cities like San Francisco and Denver by providing supplies and transportation.

What was the Kanagawa Treaty?

An 1854 agreement that opened Japan to American trade, negotiated by Matthew Perry.

What were the immediate causes of the Mexican-American War?

Polk's desire to acquire California and New Mexico and the dispute over the Texas border.

What was the Bear Flag Republic?

A short-lived California republic declared by American settlers in 1846.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

It ended the Mexican-American War and resulted in the US acquiring California and New Mexico.

What was the impact of the Mexican-American War on the US?

It significantly expanded US territory and intensified the debate over slavery.

What was the significance of the 49th parallel in the Oregon Treaty?

It established the boundary between US and British territories in the Oregon region.

What was the impact of the acquisition of Alaska in 1867?

It expanded US territory and resources, often referred to as 'Seward's Folly.'

What were the main challenges faced by settlers moving west?

Difficult terrain, disease, and conflicts with Native Americans.

What was the role of fur trading posts in westward expansion?

They served as vital supply points and encouraged settlement in the West.

What was the significance of the Great American Desert?

It was a barrier to westward expansion before settlers moved to more fertile lands.

What was the impact of the mining frontier on the American economy?

It stimulated economic growth and led to the establishment of new towns and cities.

What event prompted President Polk to send Winfield Scott into Central Mexico?

The victory at Buena Vista

What treaty was negotiated by Nicholas Trist in 1848?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

What did the Wilmot Proviso propose?

To prohibit slavery in the land won from Mexico

What was the southern border of Texas recognized by Mexico?

Rio Grande

What territories did the U.S. acquire as part of the Mexican Cession?

California and New Mexico

What was the primary concern of the North regarding the Wilmot Proviso?

It aimed to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories.

What was the impact of the Mexican-American War on the debate over slavery?

It intensified the debate over the extension of slavery.

What was the Compromise of 1850?

A series of laws aimed at resolving tensions between North and South over slavery.

What was the Ostend Manifesto?

A secret proposal to buy Cuba from Spain, which was leaked and caused controversy.

What was the purpose of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty?

To prevent exclusive control of a Central American canal by either the U.S. or Britain.

What was the Gadsden Purchase?

A purchase of land from Mexico in 1853 for $10 million, aimed at facilitating a transcontinental railroad.

What was the Free Soil Movement?

A political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories.

What did popular sovereignty propose regarding new states?

That the people of new states would vote to decide if they would be slave or free.

What was the significance of the Compromise of 1850 for California?

California was admitted as a free state.

What was the impact of the Compromise of 1850 on the balance of power?

It increased the North's political power.

What was the main concern of Southerners regarding the Missouri Compromise?

It barred slavery in the Louisiana Purchase.

What was the response of nativists to increased immigration?

They feared immigrants would take jobs and dilute American culture.

What was the primary reason Irish immigrants came to the U.S.?

Economic hardships and famine.

What was the main concern of the Know-Nothing party?

To restrict immigration and increase citizenship requirements.

What economic changes occurred in the U.S. from 1840 to 1857?

Rapid economic growth coinciding with territorial expansion.

What was the Panic of 1857?

An economic downturn that affected the U.S. economy.

What coincided with rapid economic growth from 1840 to 1857?

Territorial expansion

What replaced canal building in the 1820s and 1830s?

Railroad building across the Northeast and Midwest

What was America's largest industry during this period?

Railroads

What was the impact of the Panic of 1857 on agriculture in the Midwest?

Sharp decrease in agricultural products and rise in unemployment in the Northeast

What laws were enacted that intensified tensions over slavery?

Fugitive Slave Laws

What was the significance of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'?

It showed the horrors of slavery to the North and Europe.

What was the Underground Railroad?

A loose network of activists who helped enslaved people escape to freedom in the North.

What three issues continued to split the nation regarding slavery?

Moral issues, constitutional rights, and economic differences

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

It split Kansas into two territories and allowed popular sovereignty over the slave issue.

What was 'Bleeding Kansas'?

Violence that erupted between proslavery and antislavery factions in Kansas.

Who was John Brown?

An abolitionist who led a raid at Harpers Ferry and was involved in violent conflicts in Kansas.

What was the outcome of the Dred Scott v. Sandford case?

The Supreme Court ruled that Scott could not sue for his freedom because he was not considered a citizen.

What did the Lecompton Constitution propose?

It was a pro-slavery constitution for Kansas that was ultimately rejected.

What was the Freeport Doctrine?

A principle articulated by Stephen Douglas that allowed territories to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty.

What was the political impact of Lincoln's election in 1860?

It heightened fears in the South regarding the future of slavery and led to secession threats.

What was the Republican Party's platform in the election of 1860?

Exclusion of slavery from territories, protective tariffs, free land for homesteaders, and internal improvements.

What event illustrated the tensions between North and South in Congress?

The caning of Senator Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks.

What was the significance of the Compromise of 1850?

It attempted to ease tensions over slavery but ultimately failed to resolve the underlying issues.

What was the reaction of the South to the publication of antislavery literature?

They viewed it as an attack on their way of life and responded with pro-slavery literature.

What was the impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act on the Whig Party?

It contributed to the decline of the Whig Party due to internal divisions over slavery.

Who was Franklin Pierce?

The Democratic candidate in the 1852 election who was seen as a compromise candidate.

What was the main concern of Southern Democrats regarding the Republican Party?

They feared that the Republicans could win elections without Southern votes.

What was the primary goal of the Republican Party when it was formed?

To halt the expansion of slavery into the territories.

What was the goal of radical abolitionists like John Brown?

To start a violent raid and arm enslaved people in Virginia.

What political party formed from former Whigs, Know-Nothings, and moderate Democrats?

The Constitutional Union Party.

What was the outcome of the 1860 election regarding the Democratic Party?

The Democratic Party split into Northern and Southern factions.

Who did the North nominate for president in 1860?

Stephen Douglas.

What was the South's nominee for president in 1860?

John C. Breckinridge.

What was the Crittenden Compromise?

A proposal to guarantee the right to hold enslaved people in all territory west of the Missouri Compromise line.

What state was the first to secede from the Union?

South Carolina.

Who was named President of the Confederate States of America?

Jefferson Davis.

What was Lincoln's stance on slavery in his inaugural address?

He assured that he would not interfere with slavery where it existed.

What event marked the beginning of the Civil War?

The firing on Fort Sumter by South Carolina.

Which states remained loyal to the Union despite being slave states?

Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky.

What was the significance of the border states during the Civil War?

They were crucial for their strategic locations and resources.

What was the Anaconda Plan?

A Union strategy to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam?

It was the bloodiest day in US history and prevented European support for the Confederacy.

What was the Trent Affair?

An incident where the US stopped a British ship carrying Confederate diplomats, nearly leading to war with Britain.

What was the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation on British support for the Confederacy?

It made the Union's goal the end of slavery, appealing to Britain's anti-slavery sentiments.

What was a major disadvantage of the Confederacy during the Civil War?

Lack of a strong central government and resources to sustain a prolonged war.

What was one of the main advantages of the Union during the Civil War?

A much larger population and control of the nation's economy.

What did the Confederate Congress lack the power to do?

Levy protective tariffs or spend money on internal improvements.

What was the significance of the First Battle of Bull Run?

It ended the illusion of a short war and was the first major battle of the Civil War.

Who was the Union general replaced after the Peninsula Campaign?

General George B. McClellan.

What was the outcome of the Monitor vs. Merrimac battle?

It marked a new age in naval warfare and prevented the Confederacy from breaking the blockade.

What were the economic challenges faced by the Confederacy?

Shortage of money, reliance on loans, and inflation due to excessive issuance of paper money.

What was the primary reason for the South's secession?

To protect the institution of slavery and resist what they saw as a tyrannical government.

What significant military defeats did the Confederacy face in 1863?

Two crushing defeats that helped turn the tide of the war to the Union.

Who was the Union general that Lincoln favored during the Civil War?

Ulysses S. Grant

What strategy did Grant employ against the Confederacy?

War by attrition to wear down the Confederacy and destroy their supply lines.

What was the objective of Sherman's March?

To carry destruction through the South, including burning cotton fields, barns, and houses.

What was the outcome of the Siege of Vicksburg?

The Union bombarded Vicksburg for 7 weeks, leading to Confederate surrender on July 4th.

What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?

It was the bloodiest battle of the war with 50,000 casualties and a decisive retreat for Lee's army.

What factors contributed to the Confederate surrender in 1865?

The Union blockade, Sherman's March, hunger in the South, and a harsh winter.

Where did the Confederate surrender take place?

Appomattox Courthouse