Chapter 24 APWH

Age of Revolution

Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848.

American Revolution

Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of the United States of America.

Balkan nationalism

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to WWI.

Charles Darwin

Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.

Chartist movement

Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movements failed.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1825) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes.

Conservative

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements.

Feminist movements

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education came to concentrate on right to vote: won support particularly from middle-class women; active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s.

French Revolution

Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French empire under Napolean Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.

Greek revolution

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman empire in the Balkans.

Guillotine

Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror.

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) German socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship.

Liberal

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people In government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.

Louis XVI

(1754-1793) Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815.

Nationalism

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.

Protoindustrialization

Pre-liminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full-or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to industrial Revolution.

Revisionism

Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions.

Socialism

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man.

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to WWI.