module 3 bio

Diffusion

Movement of particles or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Selectively pemeable membrane

A membrane that allows certain materials to pass through, but not others

Tonicity

A description of the relative solute concentration in a solution as compared to another solution.

Equilibrium

The condition that exists in system when there is a relatively equal distribution of a particular molecule

Hypertonic

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another.

Hypotonic

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another.

Isotonic

Two solutions that have an equal concentration of solutes.

Solute

substance that is dissolved in a solution

Solvent

the liquid that contains the dissolved solute in a solution.

Cell Membrane

regulates and controls what enters or leaves the cell

Facilitated Diffusion

this form of diffusion is regulated by protein channels in the membrane and requires no energy input from the cell

Active Transport

movement of molecules or ion into or out of the cell against its concentration gradient (from low to high) and requires an input of energy.

Endocytosis

movement of substances into the cell by creating a new vacuole at the cell membrane. requires energy.

Exocytosis

movement of substances out of a cell by merging a vacuole with the cell membrane. requires energy.

Hypertonic

the left side is _____ compared to the right side.

Hypotonic

The right side is _____ compared to the left side.

right, left, osmosis

Water will move from the _____ to the _____ by _____.

Hypotonic

The left side is _____ compared to the right side.

Hypertonic

The right side is _____ compared to the left side.

left, right, osmosis

Water will move from the _____ to the _____ by _____.

Cell Membrane

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer

Phospholipid

molecule that makes up cell membranes. It has a hydrophilic "head" and two hydrophobic "tails".

Hydrophilic

water loving. substances that easily mix with water.

Hydrophobic

water hating. substances that will not mix with water.

Transport Protein

Proteins within the cell membrane that function to move substances into or out of the cell.

Cell Membrane

Controls the movement in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

Watery material which contains many of the materials involved in cell metabolisim

Endoplasmic reticulum

Serves as a pathway for the transport of materials throughout the cell; also associated with synthesis and storage

Nucleus

Serves as the control center for cell metabolism and reproduction

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis

Lysosome

Involved in the digestion of food within the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Golgi Apparatus

Packages and secretes the products of the cell

Centriole

Involved in cell division in animals

Vacuole

Fluid-filled organelles enclosed by a membrane; contains stored food or wastes

Nucleolus

Site of production of ribosomes

Nuclear Membrane

Controls movement in and out of the nucleus

Cell Wall

Only in plant cells; Gives the cell its shape and provides protection

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

prokaryotic cell

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Robert Hooke (1665)

Studied cork and and named the structures he saw "cells".

Levels of organization

atom, molecules, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Robert Hooke

1665 -English scientist that cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells.

Anton Van Leewenhoek

1673 Dutch naturalist who created a very powerful (for the time period) single lens microscope, He observed pond water. In pond scum he discovered small animals he called animalcules,or little animals (protists),and also discovered bacteria while examining scraping of crud from his teeth.

Matthias Schleiden

1838 German botanist who determined plants are composed of cells.

Theodor Schwann

German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of plant and animal tissue (1810-1882)

Rudolph Virchow

1858 - A doctor who stated that all living cells come from other living cells (part 3 of the cell theory)

The Cell Theory (ABC)

Three parts -

A. ALL organisms are made up of

one or more cells.

B. BASIC unit of life.

C. CELLS come from other living

cells

Carl Braun

1845 - He reworks the cell theory, calling cells the basic unit of life.

Prokaryotes

Bacteria

No nucleus

Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus

All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are Eukaryotes

Cells

Basic unit of life

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

cell wall

An inflexible barrier that provides support and protects the plant cell

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

A subunit within a cell that has a specialized function.

nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Flagella

Whip-like tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement. This structure can be found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

phospholipids

A molecule in cell membranes

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

selective permeability

condition or quality of allowing some, but not all, materials to cross a barrier or membrane

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

Water fearing

protein channels

proteins in the membrane whose role it is to pass molecules that cannot go through the membrane

cholestrol in membrane

Adds stability; keeps the tails from sticking together

hydrophilic heads are found

facing the outside of the membrane

hydrophobic tails are found

touching each other inside the membrane

polar molecule

a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive

nonpolar molecule

a molecule that does not have oppositely charged ends

Cell Membrane

surrounds cell parts; controls materials in & out of cell

Cytoplasm

protects all the organelles in the cell

Nucleus

control center of the cell; contains DNA

organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

chromatin

thin strands of material that fill the nucleus

nucleolus

small round structure in the nucleus, where ribosomes are made

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell; converts energy stored in food

ribosomes

organelle that makes proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

helps ribosomes make proteins

Golgi apparatus

packages and transports proteins from ER to other parts

cell wall

provides rigid structure and protection

large central vacuole

found in plants, this organelle stores water for the cell

chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

lysosomes

breaks down worn out or damaged organelles

Compound Microscope

Microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image.

-2 lenses, ocular and objective

-2-d image

Dissecting Microscope

This is also known as the Dissecting Microscope, and uses two separate optical shafts (for both eyes) to create a three-dimensional image of the object through two slightly different viewpoints. This kind of microscope conducts microsurgery, dissection, watch-making, small circuit board manufacturing, etc.

Provides three-dimensional images at lower magnifications.

Scanning Electron Microscope

a microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light (Kills the specimen)

Transmission Electron Microscope

A microscope that transmits a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of specimen and that can magnify up to 200,000 times (abbreviation, TEM)

Maximum resolution of 0.0002 micrometres. Magnification of x 1,000,000.

Only dead cells can be observed.

Produces 2D images

Compound microscope and TEM

Produces 3D Images

Dissecting microscope and SEM

Uses light

Dissecting and compound microscope

Cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell and helps the cell communicate with other cells.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell that has the DNA of the cell.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins for the cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are contained