Exam Review ll - Mex American Studies

Henry B. Gonzales

Texas State Senator and Congressman who fought against segregation with 22 hour filibuster.

Cesar Chavez

Organized peaceful protests and hunger strikes that brought national attention to migrant farmworkers.

Dolores Huerta

A school teacher and single mother of 7 that was the lead negotiator for United Farm Workers.

Sal Castro

Highschool teacher that organized a student strike of 10k students (1968 Latino Walkouts)

Rodolfo “Corky Gonzales”

Founded Crusade for Justice organization and helped organize La Raza Unida Party. Speaker at the 1969 Denver Youth Conference.

Reies Lopez Tijerina

Led movement (La Alianza) in New Mexico to reclaim land for descendants of Mexican-Americans whose lands had been taken after US-Mexico War of 1848

La Raza Unida

National Political Party that gave more political power to Mex-Americans and empowered Latino elected officials.

Jose Angel Gutierrez

Apart of the Crystal City School Walkout and formed La Raza Unida political party

Willie Velasquez

Led voter registrations and uncovered gerrymandering which caused lawsuits for voting rights.

Ruben Salazar

Journalist killed when police responded to a protest against Vietnam War.

1974 Equal Educational Opportunity Act

offered bilingual education to Hispanic students to create equality in public schools

1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)

Made it illegal to hire undocumented immigrants and granted amnesty

1994 California Proposition & 1996 revision

Denied immigrants public services but was ruled unconstitutional in 1996.

HR 4437 Sensenbrenner Bill

Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, & Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005

2010 Arizon SB 1070

Immigrants must carry documents & ability to detain undocumented with “reasonable suspicion”

1971 First National Chicana conference

Held in Houston, Tx with 600 attendees that reflected on job inequality, discrimination in groups like La Raza, roles in the home/church, and questioning machismo/double standards.

Intersectonality

Considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity, difference, and disadvantage. Takes into account the convergence of various factors such as social, economic, political and legal conditions (citizenship), and their influence on identity.

Transcultural Repositioning

Repositioning from a deficit lens to an asset-based lens, providing an asset-based lens to describe the unique experiences and skills of oppressed individuals.

Borderland Theory

Represents how race, ethnicity, language, class, citizenship, gender and sexuality create systems of constant border-crossing.

1975 Madrigal v. Quilligan

Argues that a woman’s right to bear a child is guaranteed under the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade.

Anna Nieto-Gomez

Helped form the first United Mexican Students organization (UMAS), later named el Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlan, (MEChA). Co-founded the first Chicana scholarly journal, Encuentro Femenil.

Jovita Idar

Teacher and Journalist that reported on the violent discrimination against Mexican-Americans. Protested the dispatch of U.S. troops at the border during the Mexican Revolution.

Gloria E. Anzaldua

Publsihed Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, a look at the internal melting pot of the Chicana consciousness.

Graciela Sanchez

Built national and international feminist solidarity movements. In 1987, helped found the Esperanza Peace and Justice Center, led by Lesbians of color, which still exists and publishes a monthly news journal called “La Voz de Esperanza.”

Antonia Hernandez

Leader in major civil rights cases affecting Latino communities in Southern California. One of the 10 lawyers represent plaintiffs in case known as Madrigal v. Quiligan, which sued the Los Angeles County doctors, the state, and the U.S. for civil rights abuses against immigrant women.

Caballerismo

A chivalrous part of masculinity that includes respectful male behavior. It is normally referred to as being a "gentleman" or courteous, and chivalrous behavior is normally given to women, and especially mothers. Nonetheless does tolerate traditional gender roles, in that men are seen as protectors and providers.

Marianismo

Explains the cultural expectation that women must also personify virtue of being chaste, modest, and self-sacrificing. Overall, women are taught to put others' needs first, either men or their families, before they put their own needs first, and are stereotypically considered from a role to "nurture" or help others' needs.

Machismo

A cultural expectation that requires men to maintain traditional masculine gender roles. Synonymous with being tough, controlling, and rejecting what is deemed to be "weak" or "feminine" behavior.This in most societies also includes the notion that men are head of the house in their households, authoritative in their behavior, and emotionally insensitive, or sensitive.

Language

Majority of Latinos agreed that there was equal importance in learning English (87%) and Spanish (95%). English was required to get ahead and build a life in their new country, while Spanish was necessary to keep in touch with their roots. 

Self-identification

The U.S. Congress passed Public Law 94-31 in 1976 that required a census to register the Hispanic population living in the country. Hispanics were categorized as an ethnic group and didn’t fit in the race category. 51% wrote their nationality, 24% wrote Hispanic/Latino, 21% wrote American, the remaining chose not to respond.

Religion

Catholicism received a whopping 62% with Protestantism following behind with 19%. Latinos show more interest in religion then any other race or ethnic group but the numbers are declining with future generations.