Kines 330 Exam 1

What is Exercise Physiology?

The functioning of the body's tissues, organ, and systems under the conditioning of exercise

Why Study Exercise Physiology?

Tool to understand how a system works, study acute and chronic effects of exercise on the body in healthy and diseased populations, and sports physiology

Acute Responses?

Short term effects, like increased heart rate, temperature, and breathing rate.

Chronic Adaptations?

Long-term effects lower heart rate and body fat percentage

What was Hippocrates known for?

Known for the Hippocratic code. "Do no harm" "Treat the person not the symptoms"

What was Claudius "Galen" Galenus known for?

Worked with gladiators, maybe the first sports psychologist, started talks about intensity in exercise, talks about exercising the bad out of you, and the changes that occur because of that.

Alfred Nobel?

Creator of dynamite, felt guilty for all the deaths he caused, put his money into creating something to help people, Nobel Prize was created

Ivan Pavlov?

Pavlov's Dogs, studying digestion not classical conditioning, called is pyshcic secretion. First winner of Nobel Peace Prize 1904

August Krogh?

A chemist from Denmark won Nobel Prize for work with capillary circulation. His influence on the field was on carbohydrate and fat metabolism.

Aerobic?

Requiring oxygen (known about for 200 years)

Anaerobic?

Without the requirement of oxygen (came around in the 1920's)

Archibald Vivian Hill?

The Father of Exercise Physiology won the Nobel Prize at 36, measurement of oxygen intake (VO2) during exercise and rest, studied oxygen deficit, in 1922 A.V Hill and Otto Meyerhoff shared the Nobel Prize. Studied heat productions, especially in frogs

D. Bruce Dill?

Credits A.V hill for his work, basically brought the field to the U.S, worked at Harvard Fatigue Lab

David Costill?

From Ball State University, Mid-1960's: Effects of exercise on heart disease, late 1960's Costill received funding from (RC) Cola to study dehydration and fluid replacement, 1970 changes in muscle glycogen content during 10 days of exhaustive running, known for his work with endurance athletes

How do you measure energy expenditure?

Calorimetry

What is calorimetry?

the measure of heat release

What is a bomb calorimeter?

Measures heat produced when food is burning

What is direct calorimetry?

The process of measuring a person's metabolic rate via the measurement of heat production. Very expensive to build rooms. There is a direct relationship between heat production and oxygen consumption.

Has theoretical implications but limited practical applications.

How is direct calorimetry commonly measured?

1 kilocalorie (kcal or Cal) \= 1,000 calories

1 kcal \= 4186 J or 4.186 kJ

Indirect Calorimetry

Measures a person's metabolic rate, but does not involve the direct measurement of heat production. It is the measurement of oxygen consumption as an estimate of heat productions.

What are the two methods of Indirect calorimetry?

Closed Circuit Spirometry
Open Circuit spirometry

Closed Circuit Spirometry

Breathing into a machine (loop) where oxygen is limited to the amount of oxygen in the oxygen tank.

Open Circuit Spirometry

Determines V02 by measuring amount of O2 consumed from room air (20.93% oxygen), measures oxygen in and out (half loop).

Calculate VO2

VI x FIO2 -VE x FEO2

VE x (FIO2 -FEO2)

What is the ABSOLUTE expression of energy expenditure?

Rate of O2 uptake in L/min

What is the kcal/min expression of energy expenditure?

1.0 L of O2 \= 5.0 kcal

What is the RELATIVE expression of energy expenditure?

Rate of O2 uptake in ml/kg/min

What is the METs expression of energy expenditure?

1.0 MET \= 3.5 ml/kg/min
1.0 MET \= Resting metabolic rate

What is the kcal/kg/hr expression of energy expenditure?

3.5 ml/kg/min \= 1 MET
use 5.0 kcal/L for conversion

What is VO2 max?

The upper limit of the CV system to deliver and use O2 for energy production

What is the gender trend for VO2 max?

Men have higher VO2 max then women

What is the typical range of energy expenditure for VO2 max in:

ml/kg/min
L/min
METs

ml/kg/min: 3.5 to 70
L/min: 0.14 to 6.00
METs: 1 to 20

Whats the relationship of VO2 in walking and running?

Walking: VO2 \= 0.1x + 3.5
Running: VO2 \= 0.2x + 3.5

where x is speed in m/min

How do you calculate % net efficiency?

\= [work output/ (EE- Rest EE)] x 100

What is the net efficancy of a cycle ergometry?

15-27%

What happens to efficiency as work rate increases?

it decreases

What Factors influence efficiency?

Work Rate
- Efficiency decreases as work rate increases

Speed of Movement
- There is an optimum speed of movement and any deviation reduces efficiency

Muscle Fiber Type
- Higher efficiency in muscles with greater percentage of slow fibers

What is Running economy?

Oxygen cost of running at given speed

Lower VO2 at same speed indicates better running economy

Economy always looks at oxygen cost

What is the gender difference for running economy?

No difference at slow speeds, at race pace speeds, males may be more economical than females

What is the relationship between children and running economy?

Energy cost of the same activity is higher in children than adults

5 Reasons why children have a low running economy?

1. Higher resting metabolic rate
2. Large surface area/mass ratio
3. Immature running mechanics
4. Less efficient ventilation
5. Lower anaerobic capacity

What is bioenergetics?

flow and exchange of energy in a living system or converting food (fat, carbs, proteins) into energy.

What is an anabolic reaction?

synthesizing molecules (ex. building muscle)

what is a catabolic reaction?

Breaking down molecules (ex. glycolysis)

Mechanical Work?

generated by muscle contraction causes movement to occur.

Chemical Work?

Maintenance and growth of cell, as well as preparation for mechanical work.

Transport work?

Concentration of substances in certain areas.

Endergonic Reaction?

Energy is added to the system, aka endothermic

Exergonic Reaction?

Energy is released from the system, aka exothermic.

Coupled Reaction?

Combination of endergonic and exergonic (ex. glycolysis, see pg. 42)

Oxidation?

Removing or transferring atoms (loss of electron)

Reduction?

The addition of an electron to an atom or molecule.

What is an enzyme?

A highly specific and large protein catalyst that changes the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed or changed.

Enzymes lower the energy of activation.

What Factors Alter enzyme activity?

-TEMPERATURE
As temp increases enzyme activity increases (ideal between 37 - 40 degrees celsius)

-PH
Optimal PH for increased enzyme activity (7.4 - 8)

What are the fuels during exercise?

Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins

What are the types of carbs?

monosaccaride \= 1 sugar
disaccaride \= 2 sugars
polysaccaride \= 10+ sugars
Oligosaccaride \= 2 - 10 sugars

Examples of carbs?

Glucose: monosaccaride found in blood

Glycogen: polysaccaride found in muscle and liver

What are the types of fats?

Fatty Acids: stored as triglycerides in adipose/muscle

Phospholipids: Not an energy source, used for structural integrity

Steroids: most common is cholesterol

What are proteins composed of? How many types? How many are essential? What is their function?

Amino acids
At least 20 types
9 essential
repair and build body tissue

What is ATP (name, function)?

Adenosine Triphosphate
(Adenine + Ribose \= Adenosine)

Every system in the body uses ATP
ATP is the energy currency

What Enzyme makes this reaction (Stored ATP) occur?
ATP

ATPase

What is hydrolysis?

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to a reaction with water.

What are the Three Energy Systems?

Phosphagens

Non-oxidative pathway

Oxidative Pathways

What are the two ways we use phosphagens? and how long does that energy last in each?

Stored ATP (1-2 seconds)
ATP +PC (2 - 10 seconds)

What is the non-oxidative pathway and how long does the energy last?

glycolysis (10 seconds - 2 minutes)

What is the oxidative pathway and how does the energy last?

Oxidative phosphorylation (uses ATP for (2 minutes - infinity)

What Enzyme makes this reaction (Creatine Phosphate) occur?

PCr +ADP

Creatine Kinase

What Enzyme makes this reaction (ADP) occur?

ADP +ADP

Adenylate Kinase

What is Glycolysis?
Whats another name for it?
Where does it occur?
Why does it occur?

An anaerobic process of the break down of glucose

Eden/Myerhoff pathway

Cytoplasm

Due to need of ATP

What three enzymes are used during the energy investment phase of glycolysis? Which is most important?

Hexokinase (1st)

Phosphofructokinase (most important/ rate limiter)
- splits into two 3 carbon molecules by adolase

Aldolase

What does it mean when "kinase" is involved?

That ATP is also involved

What happens in the Energy harvesting phase of glycolysis? And what Enzymes are used?

Reduction of NAD+ and ATP yielding steps

G3P dehydrogenase
Pyruvate Kinase

What enzyme is inolved in the pyruvate to lacatate stage?

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

What does it mean if "dehydrogenase" is involved?

NAD or NADH is also involved

What determines whether it is pyruvate or lactate?

Energy demand

If glycogen is used instead of glucose what is it called?

Glycogenolysis

What Enzyme makes this reaction occur?

Glycogen

Glycogen Phosphorylase

What is the net gain of glycogenolysis?

3 ATP

What are the key enzymes in the regulation of glycolysis?

Hexokinase
PFK
- Stimulated by high levels of ADP, and PI
- ATP and Citrate inhibit
Pyruvate Kinase
- inhibited by ATP and CP

What are the two key substrates in glycolysis?

Fructose-1, 6-diphospate

What is the net yield from 1 glucose in glycolysis?

2 pyruvate/ lactate
2 ATP
2 NADH

What are the three stages of Oxidative Phosphorylation? And where do they occur?

Pyruvate Oxidation
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain

Inside of the mitochondria

What is the formula for pyruvate oxidation?

pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ --\> CO2 + Acetyl CoA +NADH

What is the enzyme that causes pyruvate oxidation?

pyruvate dehydrogenase

What is needed to start the Krebs Cycle?

Acetyl CoA

What are the Key enzymes of the Krebs Cycle?

Citrate Synthase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)
- most important limiting reactant

Succinate deydrogenase (SDh)

What are the products for each pyruvate of the Krebs Cylce?

3 NADH
1 FADH
2 CO2
1 GTP

What are the 3 steps we have to remember from the Krebs cycle?

oxaloacetate --\> citrate (6 carbon)
Enzyme: citrate synthase

Isocitrate --\> a-ketoglutarate
Enzyme: Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Succinate --\> fumarate
Enzyme: Succinate dehydrogenase

Why is Succinate --\> fumarate important?

Its the only production of FADH

What is the Purpose of the Krebs cycle?

to produce FADH and NADH

Electrons are removed from NADH and FADH an are passed along a series of what? in order to do what?

Carries (cytochromes)

To produce ATP

Chemiosmotic hypothesis?

The mechanism to explain the aerobic formation of ATP in the mitochondria

What enzyme does the ETC use?

ATP synthase

What does the ETC result in?

the pumping of H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane

What happens to the energy in the ETC?

Energy is released to form ATP as H+ ions diffuse back across the membrane

H+ from NADH and FADH are accepted by O2 to form water

What is used at the first pump in the ETC?
What is used in the second pump in the ETC?

NADH

FADH

What is beta-oxidation

A fatty acid conversion, the break down of triglyercides.

Fatty acids must be converted to enter the Krebs Cycle

What is the Total amount of ATP gained from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle?

32 ATP

WhatWhat is the Total amount of ATP gained from glycogenolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle?

33 ATP

What type of energy are you using if you are active for less than 10 seconds?

almost all anaerobic