Computer Programming 2 Final Study Guide

What’s the difference between a pointer and pointer variable?

A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable, whereas the pointer variable is a variable that holds the address.

What operator allows you to access the item that the pointer points to?

Indirection ( * )

The _____ key word was introduced to represent the address 0.

nullptr

True or False: Pointers can mix data types.

False

What is Dynamic Memory Allocation

A process that can allocate storage for a variable while a program is running.

The ____ operator is used to allocate memory.

new

What key is used to free dynamic memory.

delete

Structure

A C++ construct that allows multiple variables to be grouped together

The ____ operator refers to members of struct variables

dot (.)

What operator assigns the address

&

Enumerated Data Type

A programmer defined data type that consists of values as enumerators, which represent integer constants.

Class

Similar to a struct, but variables and functions in the class can have different properties

What is an object?

An instance of a class, in the same way that a variable can be an instance of a struct

Explain the relationship between classes and objects

A class is like a blueprint and objects are like houses built from the blueprint

Attributes

Members of a class

Methods or behaviors

Member functions of a class

What is const?

const appears after the parentheses in a member function declaration specifies that the function will not change any data in the calling object.

Public members

can be accessed by functions outside of the class

Private members

can only be called or accessed by functions that are members of the class

Difference between Mutators and Accessors

Mutators stores the value in a private member variable. Also known as a setter. Accessors retrieves a value from a private member variable. Also known as the getter.

A constructor is a function that is automatically called when an object is

created

A destructor is a member function that is automatically called when an object is

destroyed

True or false: Overloading Constructors can have more than one constructor

True

When a constructor is calls another constructor in the same class is called

constructor delegation

Default constructor

a constructor that takes no arguments.

A ____ member function can only be called by another member function

private

UML stands for

Unified Modeling Language

A member variable in a class where each object has its own copy is called

instance variable

When one variable is shared among all objects of a class is called

static variable

A ____ is a function or class that is not a member of a class, but has access to private members of the class

Friend

A _______ is a special constructor used when a newly created object is initialized to the data of another object of the same class

Copy Constructors

The ____ pointer is predefined pointer available to a class’s member functions

this

Explain aggregation and its role

A class that is a member of a class that supports the modeling of ‘has a’ between classes - enclosing class ‘has a’ enclosed class

Name two implements that any class that contains a pointer or reference to an outside piece of data.

Copy constructor and copy assignment operator

The _____ keyword declares which default operations that you want the compiler to automatically provide

default

The ___ keyword declares which default operations you do not want the compiler to automatically provide.

delete

_____ provides a way to create a new class from an existing class

Inheritance

The base class is also known as

Parent class

The derived class is also known

child class

Which is the base class? class UnderGrad : public student

student

Which is the derived class? class box : public rectangle

box

like private, but accessible by objects of derived class

protected

Determines how private, protected, and public members of base class are inherited by the derived class

class access specification

Object of the derived class that can be treated as object of the base class

public

protected

Restrictive than public, but allows derived classes to know details of parents

private

prevents objects of the derived class from being treated as objects of the base class

Name the constructors that cannot be inherited

Default, Copy, and Move Constructor

Virtual member function

Is a function in a base class that expects to be redefined in the derived class

A base class can be derived from another base class

Class Hierarchies

Dynamic binding

functions bound at run time to function that they call

Static Binding

A function bound at compile time

The ____ key word tells the compiler that the function is supposed to override a function in the base class

override

The ____ key word cannot be overridden in a derived class

final

A class that can have no objects

Abstract base class

A derived class that can have have more than one base class

Multiple Inheritance

Exception

An object or value that signals an error

Explain the catch and throw exceptions

Throw sends a signal that an error has occurred and catch process the exception; interpret the signal

When is the bad_alloc exception thrown?

When the new operator fails to allocate memory.

A pattern for a function that can work with many data types

Function template

What does STL stand for?

Standard Template Library

Give a short answer for the container, iterator and algorithms templates

Containers class templates for objects that store and organize data. Iterators behave like pointers, and used to access individual data elements in a container. Algorithms perform various operations on elements of containers.

A set of data structures (nodes) that contain references to other data structures

Linked list

Node contains

data and a pointer

Last node points to

null (address 0)

An empty list

is a list that contains 0 nodes

A LIFO (last in, first out) data structure

Stack

True or False: A stack can hold char values

True

A FIFO (first in, first out) data structure.

Queue

Where are elements are added in Queue locations?

rear

Where are elements removed?

Front

Explain the difference between enqueue and dequeue.

Enqueue adds an element to the rear of the queue and dequeue removes an element from the front of a queue

Dynamic Queues

Similar to stack, a queue can be implemented using a linked list

A function contains a call to itself

recursive

What happens when a recursive function is called?

A new copy runs with new instances of parameters and local variables created

True or false: Recursive members cannot be members of a linked list class

False