HSC 214 Appendicular Skeleton: Lower Extremity, HSC 214 Articulations

ilium

- fan-shaped superior part of the hip bone

- largest of the three coal (hip) bones

- articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

iliac crest

- prominent arching ridge on the superior aspect of the ilium

anterior superior iliac spine

- anterior point at the end of the iliac crest

- provides attachment for the sartorial and tensor fascia later muscles

anterior inferior iliac spine

- anterior roughened projection located directly inferior to the ASIS

- provides attachment for the rectus femoris muscle

posterior superior iliac spine

- posterior point at the end of the iliac crest

- forms "dimples" in skin on the lower back

posterior inferior iliac spine

- posterior roughened projection located directly inferior to the PSIS

- low projection on the upper border of the greater sciatic notch

iliac fossa

- hollowed area on the anterior surface of the ilium

greater sciatic notch

- large, posterior indentation separating the posterior inferior iliac spine from the ischial spine

- space where the sciatic nerve and piriformis muscle pass

ischium

- U-shaped inferior, posterior part of the hip bone

- "sitting bone"

ischial spine

- posterior, pointed projection directly below the greater sciatic notch

- between the greater and lesser sciatic notches

lesser sciatic notch

- smal indent below the ischial spine

ischial tuberosity

- rough bone covering the rounded portion of the ischium

- provides attachment for the hamstring, adductor Magnus, and quadrates femurs muscles

pubis

- inferior, anterior part of the hip bone

superior pubic ramus

- superior limb-iek bone

- superior border of the obturator foramen

inferior pubic ramus

- inferior limb-like bone

- forms part of the inferior border of the obturator foramen

pubic symphysis

- anterior, midline site where the pubic bones meet

- fibrocartilage joint

obturator foramen

- large space formed by the rami of the pubic and ischium

acetabulum

- hemispherical cavity on the lateral aspect of the hip bone

- "hip-socket"

- all three bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) contribute to the acetabulum

acetabular notch

- deep notch in the inferior part of the brim

acetabular fossa

- circular depression located deep in the acetabulum

- site that does not articulate with the femur

femur

- longest, strongest bone of the body

- "thigh bone"

head of femur

- smooth, rounded, ball-lie proximal end

- articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint

neck of femur

- oblique part between the head and shaft of the femur

- common site of fracture

greater trochanter of femur

- large, lateral quadrangular prominence distal to the neck

- attachment site for gluteus maximus muscle

lesser trochanter of femur

- small, medial, and posterior prominence distal to the neck

- attachment for the iliopsoas muscle

linea aspera

- prominent posterior ridge line on the posterior surface of the shaft

- attachment site for the biceps femoris (short head), adductor longus, adductor magnus, and vastus medialis muscles

patellar surface

- smooth, anterior surface at the distal end

- articular surface for the patella

lateral epicondyle of femur

- prominent, lateral enlargement superior to the lateral condyle

medial epicondyle of femur

- prominent, medial enlargement superor to the medial condyle

lateral condyle of femur

- smooth, lateral enlargement of the distal end

- articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia

medial condyle of femur

- smooth, medial enlargement of the distal end

- articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia

intercondylar fossa

- deep depression between the posterior parts of the medial and lateral condyles

- inter- means between

tibia

- thick, medial bone of the leg

- "shin bone"

tibial tuberosity

- bump on anterior surface of the proximal end

- where the patellar ligament attaches

fibular notch

- groove on the distal, lateral surface of the tibia

- where the tibia and fibula articulate

lateral condyle of tibia

- lateral protuberance at the proximal end

- articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur

medial condyle of tibia

- medial protuberance at the proximal end

- articulates with the medial condyle of the femur

medial malleolus

- rounded, medial enlargement at the distal end

- forms the medial aspect of the ankle

fibula

- thin, lateral bone of the leg

- "fibulA is lAterAl"

head of fibula

- rounded projection at the proximal end

- articulates with the fibular notch of the tibia

lateral malleolus

- rounded, lateral enlargement at the distal end

- forms the lateral aspect of the ankle

patella

- heart-shaped bone

- "knee cap"

apex of patella

- point at the distal end

base of patella

- broad, flat surface at the proximal end

patellar articular facets

- two, smooth surfaces on the posterior side

- articulate with the patellar surface of the femur

tarsal bones

- bones forming the ankle

- seven tarsal bones

talus

- most medial tarsal bone that articulates with the medial malleolus

- articulates with the tibia/fibula, navicular and calcaneus

calcaneus

- largest, most posterior tarsal bone

- "heel bone"

- articulates with the talus and cuboid bone

navicular

- nickel-shaped bone between the talus and cuneiform bones

- articulates with the talus and cuneiform bones

medial (first) cuneiform

- most medial and distal wedge-shaped tarsal bone

- articulates with the intermediate cuneiform, navicular and 1st and 2nd metatarsals

intermediate (second) cuneiform

- middle, wedge-shaped tarsal bone

- articulates with the lateral cuneiform, medial cuneiform, navicular, and 2nd metatarsal

lateral (third) cuneiform

- lateral, wedge-shaped bone

- articulates with the cuboid, intermediate cuneiform, navicular, and 3rd metatarsal

cuboid

- most lateral cube-shaped bone

- between the calcaneus and 4th and 5th metatarsals

metatarsal bones

- bones forming a foot, between the tarsal bones and proximal phalanges

- numbered I-V from medial (big toe) to lateral (little toe)

proximal phalanges

- articulates with the metacarpal bones and middle phalanges

- numbered I-V

- phalanges = plural

- phalanx = singular

middle phalanges

- articulates with the proximal and distal phalanges

- numbered II-V

distal phalanges

- articulates with the middle phalanges

- numbered I-V

- "tips of toes"

hallux

- formed by the proximal and distal phalanx of digit 1

- "big toe"

hip joint

- articulation of the head of the femur with the acetabulum of the coral bone

- ball-and-socket type of synovial joint

- permits flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation of the hip

iliofemoral ligament

- ligament running from the ilium to the head of the femur

- Y-shaped ligament

ischiofemoral ligament

- ligament running from the ischium to the head of the femur

pubofemoral ligament

- ligament running from the pubic to the head of the femur

- blends with the iliofemoral ligament

ligament of the femoral head

- ligament running from the head of the femur to the acetabular notch

acetabular labrum

- fibrocartilaginous ring lining the wall of the acetabulum

- increases surface area and decreases joint stress

transverse ligament of the hip

- ligament running across the acetabular notch

knee joint

- articulation of the medial/lateral femoral condyles with the medial/lateral tibial condyles

- hinge type of synovial joint

- permits flexion/extension of the knee

tibial (medial) collateral ligament

- ligament running from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia

- flat, band-like capsular ligament

- weaker Thant he fibular collateral ligament

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

- ligament running from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula

- cord-like extracapsular ligament

anterior cruciate ligament

- ligament running from the anterior aspect of the intercondylar area of the tibia to the medal aspect of the lateral femoral condyle

- prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia and hyperextension of the knee joint

posterior cruciate ligament

- ligament running from the posterior aspect of the intercondylar area of the tibia to the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle

- prevents anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia and hyperextension of the knee cap

medial meniscus

- semicircular cartilage on the superior surface of the medial tibial condyle

- commonly injured with the lateral force to the knee

lateral meniscus

- semicircular cartilage on the superior surface of the lateral tibial condyle

- acts as a "shock absorber" for the knee joint

posterior meniscofemoral ligament

- ligament between the lateral meniscus and medial condyle of the femur

- fibrous band on the posterior knee

quadriceps tendon

- connecting the quadriceps muscles to the patella

- common insertion of the four quadriceps muscles

patellar ligament

- ligament between the patella and tibial tuberosity

- distal continuation of the quadriceps tendon

suprapatellar bursa

- large bursa between the anterior surface of the femur and the quadriceps tendon

- allows for movement of the quadriceps tendon

ankle joint

- articulation of the distal ends of the tibia and fibula with the superior surface of the talus

- hinge type of synovial joint

- permits plantarflexion/dorsoflexinon of the ankle

deltoid ligament

- fan-shaped ligament running from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the talus, navicular, and calcaneus

- broad, medial, extra capsular ligament of the ankle

calcaneofibular ligament

- ligament running from the lateral surface of the calcaneus to the lateral malleolus of the fibula

- smaller, lateral extra capsular ligament of the ankle

- covered by the fibulas longs and braves tendons

posterior talofibular ligament

- ligament running from the posterior aspect of the talus to the fibula

- horizontal band between the posterior talus and fibula

anterior talofibular ligament

- ligament running from the anterior aspect of the talus to the fibula

- horizontal band between the anterior talus and fibula

- most commonly injured ligament in a sprained ankle

posterior tibiofibular ligament

- ligament running between the posterior aspects of the tibia and fibula

- thick, triangular band extending obliquely between the posterior tibia and fibula

anterior tibiofibular ligament

- ligament running between the anterior aspects of the tibia and fibula

- thick, triangular band extending obliquely between the anterior tibia and fibula

calcaneal tendon

- connecting the gastrocnemius and soles muscles to the calcaneus

- also known as the "achilles" tendon

- strongest tendon of the body

subtalar joint

- articulation of the inferior surface of the talus with the superior surface of the calcaneus

- plane type of synovial joint

- permits inversion/eversion of the foot

tarsometatarsal joints

- articulations of the tarsal bones with the metatarsals

- plane type of synovial joint

- permits gliding movements of the tarsal bones

metatarsophalangeal joint

- articulation of the metatarsals with the proximal phalanges

- condyloid type of synovial joint

- permits flexion/extension and abduction/adduction of the digits

proximal interphalangeal joints of foot

- articulation of the proximal phalanges with the middle phalanges

- hinge type of synovial joint

- permits flexion/extension of the digits

- only present in digits 2-5

distal interphalangeal joints of foot

- articulation of the middle phalanges with the distal phalanges

- hinge type of synovial joint

- permits flexion/extension of the digits

- digit 1 only has an interphalangeal joint