Lab Quiz #7 Terms + Stuff (2)

Table for normal values for different substances found in urine

How do kidneys achieve homestasis?

by regulating the pH and concentration of ions and water in the various body fluids; elimination of waste products of metabolism

How many nephrons in the kidneys contain two main structures?

1 million nephrons

What are the 2 structures the one million nephrons in the kidneys contain?

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

Where is blood first filtered through?

a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus

What is the rate that blood passes through the tuft of capillaries (glomerulus)?

120 mL/min

What are the 3 major parts of the renal tubule?

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop (Loop of Henle), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

The tubular filtrate similar to blood plasma in composition, except large molecules over what are excluded?

70,000 MW (e.g., plasma proteins)

What by-products are retained in the filtrated and are finally exerted in the urine?

toxic by-product of metabolism and excess substances (salt)

How much urine is formed per minute?

1 mL of urine formed per minute

What does the final composition of urine reflect?

reflects the integrity of kidney function and changes in blood composition

Urinalysis

an analysis of urine that can yield valuable information about the health of the kidney and of the body in general

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

when an individual is genetically unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

What is phenylalanine converted into when accumulated in the body?

phenylpyruvic acid

What can an accumulation of phenylalanine in individuals with PKU result in?

developmental delays, seizures, and intellectual impairments

Diabetes Mellitus (diabetes)

when an individual has either an imbalance or a deficit in the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas

Ketones

when the sugars in the blood cannot be used as cellular fuel, the body will utliize fat as an energy source, leading to an increase in fatty acid metabolites called this

What will an increase in ketones do to blood pH?

cause it to decrease

What is indicative of diabetes mellitus?

presence of both glucose and ketones in the urine

Labstix Test

a combined test of urinary pH, protein, glucose, ketones, and occult blood

What is the Urinary pH?

pH of 6

What can a more acidic urine mean?

diet rich in proteins or respiratory disorders, dehydration, or starvation

What can a more alkaline urine mean?

diet rich in citrus fruits and dairy, vomiting, urinary tract infections, or cystitis

Cystitis

urine decomposes in the bladder with the production of ammonia

Proteinuria or Albuminuria

the presence of protein in the urine

Glycosuria

high glucose levels in urine, which indicate the body’s inability to process glucose, leading to an accumulation of glucose in the blood that is then secreted in the urine

Ketonuria

abnormally large amounts of ketone excretion, suggest that the body is using fat as an energy source as opposed to glucose

What can ketonuria indicate?

diabetes mellitus or starvation

What can glycosuria indicate?

diabetes mellitus

Occult Blood

blood not visible to the naked eye

What can blood present in the urine indicate?

an individual has a urinary tract infection, kidney stones, or cancerous cells

Nephritis

a disease in which the glomeruli are damaged and plasma proteins and erythrocytes leak into the nephrons (blood present in urine and high levels of protein)

When should you examine the strip?

examine BEFORE conducting the test so you know which portions to read first.

How many seconds should you wait to read the glucose test portion?

10 seconds

How many seconds should you wait to read the ketone portion?

5 more seconds

How many seconds should you wait to read the occult portion?

15 more seconds

What is one of the kidney’s main functions?

to regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids

At what rate do the kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids?

300 milliosmoles per L

What happens to the concentration of urine for someone who is dehydrated?

will produce a SMALL amount of highly concentrated urine

What happens to the concentration of urine for someone who is overhydrated?

will produce a LARGE amount of minimally concentrated (dilute) urine

What are Group 1’s consumed fluid solute concentrations?

800 mL water

What are Group 2’s consumed fluid solute concentrations?

800 mL water with 7 g NaCl

What are Group 3’s consumed fluid solute concentrations?

80 mL water with 7 g NaCl

Specific Gravity

the rate of the density of a substance compared to the density of distilled water

Should you drop the urinometer float directly into the cylinder?

do NOT drop the urinometer float directly into the cylinder

What calibration temperature for the urinometer?

15^oC

How will you correct the specific gravity value?

by adding 0.001 for every 3^oC above, or by subtracting 0.001 for every 3^oC below the calibration temperature (15^oC)

What is the normal range of urine specific gravity?

1.0015 to 1.035

What is the specific gravity of distilled water?

1.000

Chronic Nephritis

a low specific gravity reading in individuals (slow, onset kidney disease)

Acute Nephritis

a high specific gravity in individuals (sudden, onset kidney disease)

Mohr Method (NaCl Concentration)

the process of titrating silver nitrate to analyze the presence of chloride ions in a substance using potassium chromate as an indicator

How many drops of 20% potassium chromate do you add to the test tube?

ONE drop

How do you add 2.9% silver nitrate solution?

DROP by DROP

How much NaCl does each drop of 2.9% silver nitrate represent?

1 g/L of NaCl

How many separate plots for your data should you make?

3 separate plots