Chapter 3 - Chemical Bonding

Chemical Bonding

the method by which compounds are held together

Ionic Bonds and Covalent Bonds

The two types of bonds

elements in an attempt to reach a stable state

Each type of bonding has it’s own properties but the ultimate function is the blending of…

Valence Electrons

Electrons found in the outer most shell of an atom, only electrons that bond between atoms.

Electronegativity

Defined as attraction between the nucleus of an atom and the valence electrons. (These electrons will hold onto their valence electrons and pull more elements that have a lower ___________; when the ______________ of two elements that bond are similar or equal they will tend to share their electrons.)

Ionic Bonds

Type of bond that are held together by the attraction of the opposite charges of the combining atoms due to a transfer of electrons; opposite attraction between ions of opposite charges.

ionic bonds

What are electrovalent bonds?

ionic bonds

These form when “one element that has a greater attraction for its valence electrons tends to gain electrons (increase in negative charge), and another element whose electronegativity value is considerably less tends to lose some or all of its valence electrons (causes it to become positive because it loses its negative charge.”

Ions

An atom that has altered its make up by either gaining or losing electrons causing the charge to change to a positive.

cations and anions

The two types of Ions:

Cations

Ions that have a positive charge (loss of electrons)

Anions

Ions that have a negative charge (gained electrons)

Monatomic Ion

An ion with one atom of an electron.

Polyatomic Ion

An ion with one atom of an electron (radical)

Ionic Compound

Compound where the atoms are held together by opposite charges of its ions.

Convalent Bonds

Compound where the atoms are held together by opposite charges of its ions. Depend on the other atoms they are in compound with to provide electrons to become stable.

Single Covalent bond/Single bond

Two atoms share one pair of electrons (2 electrons)

Double Covalent Bond/Double bond

When two pair of electrons (4 electrons) share a bond.

Triple Covalent Bond/Triple bond

3 Pair of electrons (6 electrons) are shared in a bond.

Polar bond

Single covalent bond when an unequal pairing/sharing of electrons between atoms. Partial charge occurs.

H₂O (dipole)

What is the best example of polar bonds?

Oxidation Numbers

The number of elections lost, gained, or shared when the atoms of an element combine.

Valence

The combining capacity of a compound element

differently

Ionic and covalent compounds are named…

zero (0)

Rules for Oxidation Numbers: The sum of all oxidation numbers of all atoms in a compound is…

Rules for Oxidation Numbers: The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a radical or polyatomic ion must equal the…

charge of the radical or polyatomic ion.

zero (0)

Rules for Oxidation Numbers: he oxidation number of any uncombined or unreacted element is…

+1

Rules for Oxidation Numbers: The oxidation number of combined or reacted Hydrogen (H) is…

equal to -2

Rules for Oxidation Numbers: The oxidation number of combined or reacted to Oxygen (O) is…

+1

Rules for Oxidation Numbers: The oxidation number of any combined Group I =

+2

Rules for Oxidation Numbers: The oxidation number of any combined Group II =

Rules for Oxidation Numbers: The oxidation number of any combined Group III =

+3

crystalline form or acid or base name

Inorganic compounds can named after their…

positive ion (+)

When naming Inorganic Compounds: A cation is a…

negative (-) ion

When naming Inorganic Compounds: An anion is a…

1

Mono-

2

Di-

3

Tri-

4

Tetra-

bromine

brom-

carbon

carb-

flourine

fluor-

Oxygen

Ox-

-ic

Monatomic Ions with different oxidation states (inorganic naming): higher oxidation state =

-ous

Monatomic Ions with different oxidation states (inorganic naming): Lower oxidation state =

-ite

Polyatomic Ions with different oxidation states (inorganic naming): Lower Oxidation =

-ate

Polyatomic Ions with different oxidation states (inorganic naming): Higher oxidation =

the cation

When naming Ionic Compounds, what name comes first?

second

When naming Ionic compounds, the stem of the anion is goes where?

the suffix -ide

When naming Ionic compounds, the stem of the anion is followed by what?

atoms

When naming Ionic Compounds, you do not list the number of what?

Ionic Compound

Cation’s + stem of anion + ide =

Cation (radical) + stem of Anion + ide

If an ionic compound has one or more polyatomic ions: how does the order change?

number of atoms for each element

When naming covalent compounds: Name elements in order they appear giving the prefix as the…

stem and an –ide added

When naming covalent compounds: Last element is abbreviated with the…

dropped

When naming covalent compounds: If the first element would contain a prefix of mono (1) this name would be…

covalent compound

Number prefix + name of 1st element + Number prefix + stem of element + ide =