Articulations

Functional Class: Synarthrosis

Immovable joint (ex. skull)

Functional Class: Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable joint (ex. vertebrae)

Functional Class: Diarthrosis

Freely movable joint (ex. shoulder)

Structural Class: Fibrous Joints

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissues

Structural Class: Cartilaginous Joints

Bones united by cartilage

Structural Class: Synovial Joints

Joints held together by synovial fluid

Joint cavities

All are freely movable

Movements: Flexion

Decreasing the angle of a joint

Movements: Extension

Increasing the angle of a joint towards neutral

Movements: Hyperextension

Increasing the angle higher than the neutral position

Angular Movements: Abduction

Moving away from the body

Angular Movements: Adduction

Moving towards the body

Angular Movements: Circumduction

Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction all done at the same time

Rotation: Lateral

Turning to the outside

Rotation: Medial

Turning to the inside

Movements at joints: Dorsiflexion

Flex ankle and bring the toes up

Movements at joints: Plantar flexion

Extend and point the toes downward

Movements at joints: Inversion

Rotating the ankle medially

Movements at joints: Eversion

Rotating the ankle laterally

Movements at joints: Protraction

Moving joints forward

Movements at joints: Retraction

Move the joints to the back

Movements at joints: Elevation

Move up

Movements at joints: Depression

Move down

Movements at joints: Opposition

Thumb can touch all fingers

Fibrous joint type: Sutures

Tiny ligaments holding skull bones together

Fibrous joint type: Syndesmosis

Large ligaments hold bones together

Fibrous joint type: Gomphosis

Ligament that holds the tooth in the alveolar margin

Cartilaginous joint type: Synchodrosis

Extra hyaline cartilage bringing bones together (ex. Growth plate, Costal cartilage)

Cartilaginous joint type: Symphysis

Brought together by fibrocartilage (ex. Pubic, intervertebral discs)