Exam Flashcards on BP, Hypertension, Respiration, Acid-Base Balance, Hearing, and More

Flashcards to help you study for your upcoming exam!

What is blood pressure?

The measurement of force applied to artery walls.

What is the equation for blood pressure in relation to cardiac output and total peripheral resistance?

BP = CO X TPR

What is the equation for cardiac output in relation to heart rate and stroke volume?

CO = HR X SV

Which artery do you auscultate when taking blood pressure?

Brachial artery

What is a Korotkoff sound?

Sound heard when there is turbulent blood flow through a constriction in the brachial artery.

Describe laminar flow when taking blood pressure.

Occurs when all parts of a fluid move in the same direction, parallel to the axis of the vessel.

Describe turbulent flow when taking blood pressure.

Occurs when some parts of the fluid move in radial and circumferential directions, churning and mixing the blood.

How long should a patient relax before taking their blood pressure?

At least 5 minutes.

For how long should a patient relax before having their blood pressure taken if the smoked ,exercised, had caffeinated /alcoholic drinks, a full stomach, full bladder or exposed to extreme temp

At least 30 minutes.

How should a patient sit when having their blood pressure taken?

With back straight and supported, feet flat on the floor and uncrossed.

Why is it important to remove excess clothing that might interfere with the BP cuff?

Clothing could constrict the arm.

What is the importance of taking the palpatory BP first?

Helps to avoid a lower systolic reading by auscultatory method if there is an auscultatory gap.

What is pulse pressure?

The pressure driving blood from the heart.

What is the formula for pulse pressure?

PULSE PRESSURE = SBP – DBP

formula for Mean Arterial Pressure

(1/3 * SBP) + (2/3 * DBP)

What is Mean Arterial Pressure?

Average pressure in a patient’s arteries during one cardiac cycle AND taking into account the difference between the duration of systole and diastole in the cardiac cycle.

What is hypertension?

May be indicated by chronically elevated blood pressure measurements.

What percentage of hypertension cases does primary hypertension account for?

95%

Is the etiology known or unknown for primary hypertension?

Unknown etiology

What is primary hypertension also known as?

Benign/Essential hypertension

Is the pathological process known or unknown for secondary hypertension?

Pathological process is known

Name the three body controls of acid-base balance.

Lung, Kidney, Bicarbonate System

What is pH?

Concentration of hydrogen ion (H+) in a solution.

What is the pH of pure water?

7

What is a buffer?

A solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or alkali is added to it.

What is the normal blood pH?

7.35-7.45

What is an acid?

A molecule that can donate free H+ to a solution and LOWER its pH.

What happens to acid-base balance during hypoventilation?

CO2 is not all blown off, CO2 accumulates in the blood, decrease in blood pH, Respiratory acidosis.

What happens to acid-base balance during hyperventilation?

Respiratory alkalosis

What happens to acid-base balance when we exercise?

Exercise Hyperpnea – deep breathing (+/- increase RR)

Why does exercise not produce respiratory alkalosis?

It is matched with increased production of CO2 during exercise.

What are the 3 main subdivisions of the ear?

Outer ear, Middle ear, Inner ear

What structures are found in the outer ear?

Pinna and external auditory meatus

what structure does the outer ear connect to?

tympanic membrane

What is the tympanic membrane also known as

eardrum

What structures are found in the middle ear?

3 ossicles – malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup)

What are the ear ossicles?

Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup

What is the other name for the hammer?

Malleus

What is the other name for the anvil?

Incus

What is the other name for the stirrup?

Stapes

What are the treatments for conduction deafness?

Hearing aids used over the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

What are the treatments for sensorineural deafness?

Cochlear implants

What are some causes of deafness?

:infection of the middle ear (otitis media) tympanitis (tympanic membrane inflammation) or an excessive accumulation of ear wax (cerumen)

In sensorineural deafness, what part of the ear degenerates?

Hair cells + associated dendrites degenerate in sensorineural deafness but enough can survive to allow cochlear implant to be effective!!!

What part of the ear can the electrodes stimulate in cochlear implants?

the neurons of the spiral ganglion

What part of the can hearing aids NOT help with?

sensorineural deafness

How do you perform the Rinne test?

Strike the tuning fork against your hand, and then hold it behind the patient’s ear. When the patient says the tone has stopped, move the still vibrating tuning fork to the open of their ear.

How do you perform the Weber test?

With the tuning fork vibrating lightly, position tip on the patient’s forehead at the midline, or place the tuning fork on top of the patient’s head.

What is the part of the ear responsible for hearing and balance/equilibrium?

hearing: cochlea; balance/equilibrium: semicircular canals

How is loudness of sound measured?

decibels

Which part of the ear gives you a sense of angular acceleration?

semicircular canals

Which part of the ear gives you a sense of linear acceleration?

otolith organs (utricle and saccule)

What are the symptoms of Meniere’s disease?

vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss

What is dizziness?

unsteady, off balance, about to faint, woozy, floating, lightheaded

What is vertigo?

Surrounding is spinning, individual feels they are spinning or whirling

What components of blood?

blood plasma & formed elements

What are formed elements of blood?

Red blood cells, white blood cells and patelets

What is the liquid component of blood?

blood plasma

What is the buffy coat of blood?

platelets & white blood cells

What molecules that carry oxygen within the RBC?

hemoglobin

How many hemoglobin are normally found?

250 million hemoglobin

What is the normal RBC count in adult males?

4.5-6.0 million per cubic mm (mm3)

What is the normal RBC count in adult females?

4.0-5.5 million/mm3

What Hormone regulates the RBC production

Erythropoietin

What os the reticuloendothelial system?

where phagocytic cells destroy old RBC

What happens when RBCs are digested?

protein + heme pigment (iron + bilirubin)

formula for hematocrit?

Hematocrit = RBC / (RBC + Plasma) X 100 %

normal hematocrit count in adult males?

47 + 7 % (of the total blood)

normal hematocrit count in adult females?

42 + 5% (of the total blood

What is jaundice?

Yellow staining of the tissues, a condition in which the skin, whites of the eyes and mucous membranes YELLOW

What causes jaundice?

high level of bilirubin (a yellow-orange bile pigment), Adult – gall stones conjugated bilirubin jaundice, hepatitis, tumors

What gives arterial blood its bright red color?

predominance of OXYhemoglobin pigment

What gives venous blood its darker hue?

characteristic of DEOXYhemoglobin

What are the different blood types according to the ABO blood typing system?

AB+, A+, B+, O+, AB-, A-, B-, O-

Why is blood Rh positive?

• because of present surface antigen D and no anti-D antibodies

What is the most common blood type?

O+ is common

Which is the rarest blood type?

Ab neg. is rarest (Rh 0)

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

What is the Rh scenario leading to erythroblastosis fetalis?

Father: Rh (+), Mother: Rh (-), Baby: Rh (+)

How can we prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?

Yes, by administering exogenous Rh immune globulin to the Rh (-) mother at: 26-28 weeks of pregnancy and within 72 hours after delivery

What is agglutination reaction?

Red blood cells stick together because of antigen-antibody binding

What are the two main categories of WBCs?

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Which WBC type is the most numerous?

Neutrophils

Which WBC type is the least numerous?

Basophils

Which WBC is Phagocytic

MONOcytes, NEUTROphils, EOSINOphils, BASOphils

What is the normal WBC count?

5,000-10,000 /mm3

What is differential count?

relative proportion of each type of white blood cell compared to the total WBC count

Define Diapedesis

WBC enter the connective tissues of the body by squeezing through the capillaries

List the cardinal signs of inflammation.

Edema (tumor), Redness (rubor), Pain (dolor), Heat (calor), Loss of function

What is the function of B cells?

HUMORAL immunity, Secrete ANTIBODY, Develop into PLASMA cells, Usually in BACTERIAL infection

What is the function of T cells?

CELL-MEDIATED immunity, Do not secrete antibody, Must move in close proximity with their victim cells to destroy them Usually against cells infected with VIRUSES, CANCER CELLS, and cells of tissue transplants, Often involves secretion of chemicals, LYMPHOKINES

What is the function of neutrophils?

Kill microorganisms by PHAGOCYTOSIS + release of enzymes and antimicrobial peptides, Releases NETS (neutrophil extracellular traps) – with extracellular fibers trapping invading pathogens, Undergo PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (Apoptosis) – release of protein-digesting enzymes that liquefy the surrounding tissues PUS (viscous, protein-rich fluid with dead neutrophils)

What is antigen?

are molecules that activate the immune system

Physical fitness

State of general well-being where one has improved cardiovascular response to exercise (physical) + mental stability

What are cardiovascular changes during exercise in terms of respiratory rate and heart rate?

↑RR & ↑ HR within 1 second of exercise

What is maximum cardiac rate?

Maximum number of heart beats per minute that your heart can reach while working at its maximum

What is the formula for an adult’s maximum cardiac rate if you know their age?

Maximum cardiac rates = 220 - age in years

What is the maximal oxygen uptake?

Measures the maximum rate of oxygen consumption by the body

What is exercise testing?

using clinical protocols have proved extremely useful in the diagnosis of heart disease, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial ischemia (inadequate blood flow to the heart

What structures comprise the urinary system?

KIDNEYS + URINARY TRACT (ureters, urinary bladder and urethra)