Studied by 18 peoplesupport, protection, assists movement, mineral reserve, blood cell production, triglyceride storage
Six functions of BONE TISSUE:
framework, attachment point, soft, internal, muscles, stable, produce
Functions of BONE TISSUE: support: __________ for body and __________ _____ for muscles protection: for ____ _________ organs assists movement: _______ need to be attached to ______ structures in order to _______ movement
calcium, phosphorus, homeostasis, blood, red, red, white, platelets, yellow, energy reserve
More functions of BONE TISSUE: mineral reserve: stores _______ and ___________ to help maintain _____________ in their _____ levels blood cell production: some bones have ___ marrow which produces ___ and ______ blood cells and _________ triglyceride storage: _________ bone marrow stores these for ______ _______
osseous, cartilage, connective, epithelium, adipose, nervous
Bone is made up of six tissues:
cartilage
fibrous connective tissue
connective
for binding and support
epithelium
covering
adipose
fat
organs, remodeling
What are bones considered? What are they continually doing?
femur, humerus
Two examples of long bones?
shaft or long main part of bone
What is the diaphysis?
long
What type of bone is the diaphysis found in?
distal and proximal ends of the bone
What is the epiphyses?
long
What type of bone are the epiphyses found in?
regions where diaphysis joins each epiphysis
What are the metaphyses?
long
What type of bone are the metaphyses found in?
epiphyseal plate
When a bone is still growing, what is found in the metaphyses?
an area of cartilage that allows for elongation
What is the epiphyseal plate?
epiphyseal line
What is the epiphyseal plate replaced with when the bone stops growing?
epiphysis, articulate
What part of the long bone does articular cartilage cover? It covers this part of the long bone when it does WHAT with another bone?
slippery, absorb shock
What is the texture of hyaline cartilage? What does it do?
a sheath that surrounds the bone
What is the periosteum?
bone-building, osteoblast
What type of cells form the periosteum? What's a more scientific term for them?
add to thickness of bone, protect, nourish, repair, and serve as attachment for tendons and ligaments
What are the five functions of the cells that compose the periosteum?
periosteum
Where are Sharpey's fibers found?
act like thumb tacks to hold the periosteum to the bone
What do Sharpey's fibers do?
marrow
What is the medullary cavity also known as?
space within the diaphysis
What is the medullary cavity?
a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
What is the endosteum?
storage areas, canals for blood/nerve supply
What do the spaces in the bones act as?
size/amount of spaces
What are the bones classified based on?
few spaces
Does compact bone have a lot of or few spaces?
beneath periosteum
Where is the compact bone found?
diaphysis
What does compact bone make up most of?
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
What penetrates compact bone through perforating canals?
penetrate the bone through perforating canals
What do blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves do in compact bone?
lighter, irregular, lighter
Characteristics of spongy bone: _______, _________ lattice, ________ in general,
areas of flat bones and epiphyses of long bones
What does spongy bone make up most of?
red marrow
What is located in spongy bone?
hard, flexible
Bone is ____ and _________.
osteoblasts, osteoclasts
What are the two main types of cells that bones are composed of?
building
Osteoblasts are bone _________.
secrete extracellular matrix and initiate calcification
What do osteoblasts do?
osteocytes
What do osteoblasts become?
endosteum
Where are osteoclasts concentrated?
bone surface
What do osteoclasts face?
release enzymes that break down bone matrix
What do osteoclasts do?
resorption
What is the process that involves releasing enzymes to break down bone matrix called?
intramembranous ossification
How do flat bones in the embryo form?
where bone will form
Where will cells cluster?
extracellular matrix
What is secreted to begin calcification?
when bone replaces a cartilage "scaffold"
What is endochondral ossification?
long bones
Where is endochondral ossification seen?
increase length
What does bone growth do?
because of activity at epiphyseal plate
Why does the diaphysis lengthen?
new chondrocytes form on epiphyseal side while old chondrocytes on diaphyseal side are replaced by bone
What activity occurs at the epiphyseal plate when the diaphysis lengthens?
cartilage forming cells
What are chondrocytes?
bone to not reach its normal length
What can damage to the epiphyseal plate cause?
being remodeled
What are bones always doing?
grow thicker
What will bones subjected to heavy loads do?
intake of nutrients and presence of hormones
What is remodeling of bone dependent on?
calcium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, fluoride, magnesium
minerals
C, K, B12, A
vitamins
growth factors, androgens
hormones
calcium
What is bone a major reservoir for?
a calcium bank where you can make deposits and take withdrawals
What can you think of bone as?
parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone (PTH)
When there is falling blood calcium levels what glands go into action? What do they secrete?
osteoclasts that break down bone matrix to release calcium into blood
What does parathyroid hormone or PTH activate?
thyroid gland, calcatonin
When there is rising blood calcium levels which gland is activated? What does the gland secrete?
stimulate calcium salt deposit in bone
What does calcitonin do?
Note
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