Liberalism - Rationalism, Equality and Liberal Democracy

Belief in human reason (Rationalism)

Individuals should be free to exercise their judgement about their own interests without needing to be guided by external authorities.

How do liberals think conflict should be resolved? Who do they support?

Through reasoned debate and discussion, in a rational way not an irrational way such as war. Liberals support supranational bodies such as the EU.

Equality of opportunity

Idea that all individuals should have equal chances in life to to rise and fall. People should be free to reach this ability.

Foundational Equality

Rights that all humans have by virtue of being born, which cannot be taken away.

Why do socialists criticise liberalism?

Liberalism does not tackle inequality, it is linked to the capitalist idea of capitalism. Socialists aim to achieve equality of outcome by using the power of the state to redistribute wealth.

Liberal democracy

• Free elections to give expression to people’s wills.

• Limitations on the power of state

• Respect for civil liberties and toleration of different viewpoints.

Why do liberals support democracy?

Based on the idea that the govt should be based on the consent of people. Performs an educational function in society and increases participation. Enables citizens to hold govt to account.

Why do liberals fear excessive democracy?

May lead to ‘tyranny of the majority’, suppressing minority rights or individual freedom.

John Locke claims there is a ______ _______ between people and the state/their rulers.

Social contract

(Unofficial agreement shared by society in which they give up freedom in return for some security)