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Group

When 2 or more individuals interact or are joined together by a common fate.

Social Cohesion

The bonds that connect members of a group, helping them feel safe and supported.

Support

Assistance that can be emotional, instrumental, informational, or appraisal in nature.

Emotional Support

Expressions of empathy, love, trust, and caring, such as close friends and family providing hope.

Instrumental Support

Tangible aid and service offered to someone in need, like providing shelter after a disaster.

Informational Support

Advice, suggestions, and information that helps someone make decisions, such as college advice.

Appraisal Support

Information that is useful for self-evaluation, helping individuals understand behaviors and improve.

Initiation Effect

The phenomenon where individuals value groups more if they are hard to join.

Hazing

The practice of initiating newcomers into a group through arbitrary and often harmful rules.

Stockholm Syndrome

A psychological phenomenon where hostages develop positive feelings towards their captors.

Rejection Sensitivity

The fear of being rejected which can trigger deep-seated emotional responses.

Social Facilitation

The phenomenon where individuals work harder or perform better in the presence of others.

Social Loafing

When individuals in a group reduce their level of effort, relying on others to perform.

Group Dynamics

The culture and behaviors that emerge when groups interact with one another.

Contingency Theory of Leadership

A theory that suggests the best leadership style depends on the specific situation of the group.

Transactional Leader

A leader who uses rewards and punishments to motivate team members.

Transformational Leader

A leader who inspires and motivates followers to achieve greater outcomes through group cohesion.

Minority Influence

The ability of a smaller group's opinions to sway the majority under certain conditions.

What is person perception?

The process of how we perceive others, often influenced by assumptions and stereotypes.

What does the universality hypothesis of facial emotions suggest?

It suggests that facial expressions of emotions are recognized universally across cultures.

What is a halo effect?

A cognitive bias where one's impression of a person influences how we perceive their other traits.

How do health halos affect consumer decisions?

Health halos are misleading shortcuts that can lead consumers to wrongly label unhealthy products as healthy.

What is attribution theory?

The theory that explains how we try to understand people's behavior using commonsense explanations.

What are internal and external attributions?

Internal attributions assign the cause of behavior to personal factors, while external attributions relate to situational factors.

What is false consensus bias?

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

What role does culture play in person perception?

Culture influences our perceptions and explanations of behavior, shaping our biases and interpretations.

Attitudes

Inner evaluations or judgments toward something or someone.

Attitude object

The specific idea or thing that we evaluate when forming an attitude.

Univalenced decisions

Decisions that involve a single choice, such as a 'Yes or No' or 'Good or Bad' response.

Behavioral genetics

The study of how nature and nurture interact to influence behavior and attitudes.

Assortative mating

The tendency of similar organisms to mate with each other.

Twin studies

Research methods used to explore the genetic inheritance of attitudes by comparing twins.

Social learning

A process by which individuals learn attitudes through observing others.

Classical conditioning

A learning process that creates associations between stimuli and responses.

Operant conditioning

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments.

Bogus pipeline

A fake lie detector used to encourage honest reporting of attitudes.

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A test used to indirectly measure attitudes and mental associations through categorization tasks.

Specificity principle

The concept that the connection between attitudes and behaviors is stronger when they are measured at the same level of specificity.

Self-perception theory

The theory suggesting that individuals infer their attitudes from observing their behaviors.

Cognitive dissonance

The psychological discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

Paths to persuasion

Strategies used to change attitudes, emphasizing the importance of message structure.

Direct persuasion techniques

Manipulative strategies aimed at changing attitudes, such as lowball and foot-in-the-door techniques.

Norm of reciprocity

The social expectation that favors should be reciprocated.

Door-in-the-face technique

A persuasion strategy that involves making a large request followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.

Not-so-free samples

Offering free samples with the expectation of a purchase or favor in return.

Implicit Expectations

Unwritten rules about behavior, including conformity and social roles.

Explicit Expectations

Clearly stated rules about behavior, including compliance and obedience.

Social Norms

Implicit social rules about how people should behave that can create a herd mentality.

Herd Mentality

Tendency to blindly follow the group due to social norms.

Informational Social Influence

We conform because we want to be 'correct' or have accurate perceptions.

Normative Social Influence

When we conform to group standards to fit in with others.

Descriptive Norms

Social norms that describe what most people do in a situation.

Injunctive Norms

Social norms that specify what behaviors are approved or disapproved.

Social Roles

Expectations about how individuals should behave in a given context.

Stanford Prison Study

Phil Zimbardo's experiment that explored the psychological effects of perceived power.

Cultural Conformity

The changing cultural attitudes towards conformity over time.

Mass Psychogenic Illness

Social contagion effect where groups show psychosomatic symptoms due to shared behavior.

Nonconformity

The act of rejecting social norms, which can sometimes facilitate social change.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A phenomenon where a belief or expectation about a person or event leads to behavior that causes the belief to come true.

Self-affirmation theory

A psychological theory suggesting that individuals strive to maintain their self-integrity by reaffirming their self-worth.

Attitude ABCs

The three components of attitude: Affective (feelings), Behavioral (actions), and Cognitive (beliefs).

Explicit Attitudes

Attitudes that we are consciously aware of and can easily report.

Implicit Attitudes

Attitudes that are automatic and often unconscious, influencing behavior without conscious awareness.

Theory of planned behavior

A theory suggesting that intention, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control influence behavior.

Cognitive Dissonance

The psychological discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

Groupthink

A situation in which group members prioritize consensus over critical thinking, leading to flawed decision making.

Group Polarization

The tendency for group discussion to intensify group opinion, leading to more extreme decisions.

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A theory explaining how attitudes are formed and changed through either a central or peripheral route of processing.

Types of Social Support

Different forms of assistance from others, including emotional, informational, instrumental, and appraisal support.

Types of Leadership

Various styles of leadership, such as autocratic, democratic, transformational, and transactional.

Milgram Study

A series of experiments examining obedience to authority, where participants administered electric shocks to others.

Asch Study

An experiment demonstrating conformity where individuals agreed with incorrect group answers despite knowing the truth.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors when explaining others' behaviors.

Actor-observer bias

The tendency to attribute one's own actions to external factors while attributing others' actions to internal factors.

Diffusion of responsibility

A social phenomenon where individuals feel less responsible to act in an emergency when others are present.

Obedience

A form of social influence where an individual acts in response to a direct order from an authority figure.

Conformity

The act of changing one's behavior or beliefs to match those of others in a group.

Social Contagion

The spread of behaviors, attitudes, or affect through a group, akin to the spread of infectious diseases.