Applications of Psychology Midterm 2

yips

task-specific dystonia

motor skill dysfunction of well-trained tasks

choking

doesn’t last as long, attentional strategies

well-trained and relationship with performance

related pressure and precompetitive anxiety

self or execution focus

paralysis by analysis

anxiety about performing, forces attention toward the self

distraction: shift to task-relevant issues

applications of cognitive psychology

understanding complex tasks in complex contexts

knowledge engineering

task analysis

education

• disconnect between research and intervention

• numerical cognition research

aging

• cognitive training

• cognition in dementia

williams

using task-relevant, postural information provided by others

recognizing familiarity and structure

studying anticipatory tasks paradigms

responding to video

eye-tracking (corneal)

liquid crystal and/or strobe glasses

remove or blur areas

advanced cues in anticipatory tasks

postural information

• trunk (hand, foot for novices)

fewer visual fixations

fixations are often of longer duration

you can train these skills

mindfulness and performance

no effect on performance

improved mechanics and lower anxiety

sport psychology

clinical and educational

counselling

• licensed

• emotional and personality disorders

kinesiology/sport science

• not licensed

• coach principles to coaches and athletes

• enhance performance, increase enjoyment, achieve greater satisfaction

neuroimaging

used to visualize brain activity and study its relationship with performance

fMRI, EEG, PET

transcranial magnetic stimulation

uses magnetic fields to stimulate brain regions and understand their roles in motor control and skill learning

electrocephalography

records electrical activity in the brain to study neural patterns linked to different mental states

neural processing underlying performance in athletes

motor skill learning

• motor cortex and cerebellum

• coordinating and improving movements

structural and functional cortical reorganization

• neuroplasticity

• especially for elite athletes

neural efficiency and proficiency

• brain uses less energy to perform tasks

• faster and more accurate motor performance

mental processes

• attention, memory, and focus interact with neural

• decision-making and execution

brain-computer interface and neurofeedback

neurofeedback

• training to regulate brain activity through real-time feedback (EEG)

• enhance focus and manage emotions

brain-computer interface

direct communication between the brain and an external device

motor rehabilitation, enhancing motor skills, and changing performance

voir dire

questioning of prospective jurors

select impartial jurors

requirements to serve

ability to participate

don’t want them to be biased against their client

explicit biases

deliberately hide or distort information

stressful situation

better to be questioned by attorneys

don’t have to respond

• it’s easier to stay quiet

implicit biases

racism, sexism, homophobia

think that they are objective

prehabilitation

premature habilitation

impartial, presume innocence

try to look at other side of the story

rose and diamond

jurors don’t know what the trial will show

don’t promise that they won’t be biased

judges rely on heuristics to assess whether juries are being honest

rely on confidence

self-assurance, verbal fluency

batson framework

three-step process for assessing if challenges were based on discrimination

1. raises inference of bias

2. provide a race-neutral explanation

3. judge makes a decision

assumes explicit biases

implicit biases remain

sommers and norton

black juror more challenged than white

implicit racism

able to generate race-neutral explanations

also occurs with gender

they want to win

judge-training

understand implicit biases

increase motivation to address biases

mini-opening statements

allow lawyers to explain why they’re there

sense of what the case will entail

improved understanding

reflective questioning

encourages jurors to reflect on their ability to judge a case that involves minorities

how their ability would change

open-ended question

eyewitness research

convictions overturned by DNA evidence

80% had an eyewitness

weapon focus effect

high failure rate

• 1/3 can’t identify

• 1/3 choose an innocent

don’t provide information that witness hasn’t shared

no line-up without evidence

double-blind

group dynamics

make court decisions

changes how people make decisions

pro-juries

good process

80% agreement between judge and jury

not a lot of bias

anti-juries

high profile is questioned

misunderstanding of evidence and law

lack of representativeness

weakness in processing information

majority and minority influence

majority generally rules

improving juries

small and large don’t differ

large have greater diversity

where a decision has to be unanimous, judgements are made more slowly

build training and cohesion before

preemptory challenge

lawyers can strike a juror at any point during a trial with no explanation

jason cantone

nuclear weapons in the air force

how to make courts better

washington’s gr37 rule

don’t allow race neutral explanations

belongingness

human need to form and maintain meaningful relationships

uncertainty

don’t know if they are accepted in a setting

daily diary studies

students from minority backgrounds experience greater daily fluctuations in their sense of belonging

bad grades or social rejection have a more negative impact

intervention

reframe everyday challenges as normal and temporary

change narratives to foster resilience

mechanisms of change

attributional retraining

transient factors instead of fixed personal deficits

positive feedback loop

improved perceptions lead to greater engagement and success

reinforce further belonging over time

long-term impact growing confidence

testimonial exposure

read testimonies from older students

write down how their own experiences relate to stories they read

positive psychology

focused on states and behaviours that underpin positive states

meaning/flourishing

criticism of positive psychology

look similar to other concepts

question the science of it

very fast to rise to prominence

organizational psychology

employee engagement

academia, consulting other areas, leadership

organizational change initiative

grit

stubborn persistence

predictor for success

passion and perserverance

benefits of groups

churches, sports, living

evolutionary advantages

mere connection is separable from quality of connection

social relationships are linked to mortality

uwo study

number of group memberships and psycho-social constructs

• neighbourhood

• well-being

• loneliness

• # of memberships

not a great correlation

• higher when older

• lower when younger

older adults

less connected = worse health outcomes

group ties preserve cognitive health

social integration, support, identity

social prescribing

connection as medicine

referral toward volunteer or community groups

WISE interventions

shift what people think matters