Action By Region and Countercurrent Mechanism

reach nephron region is specialized for certain ___ which increases __

substances, efficiency

most absorption occurs in _

proximal convoluted tubule

the proximal convoluted tubule allows complete reabsorption of (3)

• glucose

• lactate

• amino acids

the proximal convoluted tubule allows the majority of absorption of (2) and the rest is under regulation

• water

• sodium

hormonal

the proximal convoluted tubule is where and are also absorbed and where secretion of into the tubule occurs

bicarbonate, chloride ions, wastes

the proximal convoluted tubule has both and __ processes occur

active, passive

the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to _ and filtrate gets ___ concentrated as it moves through it

water, more

the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to ____, impermeable to _____, and filtrate gets ___ concentrated as it moves through it

ions, water, less

ions move out of the _ limb of the loop of Henle and accumulate in ___ which creates an __ and causes movement of out of ___ limb

ascending, interstitial space, osmotic gradient, water, descending

aldosterone influences sodium absorption and water absorption

directly, indirectly

the amount of reabsorption that occurs in the _ depends on the body's needs and mostly _ processes occur here

distal convoluted tubule, active

the distal convoluted tubule is normally to water and aquaporins are until hormones released by __ cause kidney to water as the ___ secreted causes aquaporins to __

impermeable, closed, posterior pituitary, reabsorb, ADH, open

_ also occurs in the distal convoluted tubule

secretion

some and can occur in the collecting duct and _ can also affect permeability

reabsorption, secretion, hormones

aldosterone affects the ____ to reabsorb more __

ascending loop of Henle, sodium

ADH affects __ to help reabsorb ___

distal convoluted tubule, water

the countercurrent mechanism increases of exchange

efficiency

in the loop of Henle, ascending and descending loops run _ to each other and the _ surrounding them

countercurrent, capillaries

filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is osmotically equivalent to _ and gets more concentrated in the ___ then less concentrated in the ____ and the collecting ducts are permeable to

plasma, descending limb, ascending limb, convoluted tubules

one mechanism to change urine concentration is to switch from using ____ nephrons to __ nephrons as the _ runs deeper in the _

cortical, juxtamedullary, longer loop of Henle, medulla

the deeper into the medullary tissue, the more the tissue gets with _ which allows more ___

concentrated, ions, water reabsorption

vasa recta are freely ___ to water and salt which creates an ____ and ions moves out of into __ allowing __ to move out of ___ in response

permeable, ionic gradient, ascending limb, interstitial space, water, descending limb

ions move into _ which causes to follow and is how ___ gets from tubule to inside capillaries

bloodstream, water, water