Content Area Test Music

col legno

playing with the wood of the bow

Pentatonic Scale

A musical scale that uses only five notes out of an octave (ID aurally)

Ionian Scale

Starts on "do". Is the modern major scale. Interval sequence: W-W-h-W-W-W-h (ID aurally)

Dorian Scale

Starts on "re". Interval sequence: W-h-W-W-W-h-W (ID aurally)

Phrygian Scale

Starts on "mi". Interval sequence: h-W-W-W-h-W-W (ID aurally)

Lydian Scale

Starts on "fa". Interval sequence: W-W-W-h-W-W-h (ID aurally)

Myxolydian Scale

Starts on "sol". Interval sequence: W-W-h-W-W-h-W (ID aurally)

Aeolian Scale

Starts on "la". Is the modern natural minor scale. Interval sequence: W-h-W-W-h-W-W (ID aurally)

Locrian Scale

Starts on "ti". Interval sequence: h-W-W-h-W-W-W (ID aurally)

Whole-Tone Scale

A scale in which each note is separated from its neighbors by the interval of a whole step. (ID aurally)

Intervals

The difference between two pitches. (ID aurally)

Melodic Minor Scale

Scale that raises both the sixth and seventh notes one semitone when ascending, and descends like the natural minor scale. (ID aurally)

Harmonic Minor Scale

Scale that raises the seventh note one semitone both ascending and descending. (ID aurally)

Sequence

The restatement of a motif or longer melodic (or harmonic) passage at a higher or lower pitch in the same voice. (ID aurally)

Repetition

Where sounds or sequences are often repeated. (ID aurally)

Polyphonic

In two or more parts, each having a melody of its own; contrapuntal. (ID aurally)

Homophonic

Characterized by the movement of accompanying parts in the same rhythm as the melody. (ID aurally)

Monophonic

Consisting of a single musical line, without accompaniment. (ID aurally)

Tonal Harmony

Harmonic structure that gives priority to a single tone or tonic. (ID aurally)

Atonal Harmony

Harmonic structure that lacks a tonal center. (ID aurally)

Modal Harmony

Harmonic structure that uses chords built from only the tones available in one of the modes. (ID aurally)

Chord Progression

A series of chord changes that "aims for a definite goal" (ID aurally)

Cadence (plagal, authentic, half, deceptive)

A progression of (at least) two chords that concludes a phrase, section, or piece of music. (ID aurally)

Renaissance (1400-1600)

Characteristics: Equality of vocal parts; mostly a cappella; appearance of triadic harmonic structure; three and four-part polyphony, later five to eight parts; primarily used sacred texts; stronger cadences at end of piece; 4th treated as dissonance. (ID aurally)

Forms: Mass, motet, canon, madrigal, chanson, anthem, canzona

Composers: Gabrieli, Palestrina, Josquin, Dufay

Baroque (1600-1750)

Characteristics: Homophonic texture with emphasis on single melodic line; basso continuo; larger performing forces; major and minor tonalities firmly established; specific use of dynamics and tempo; barlines established; terraced dynamics; consonance\=stability. (ID aurally)

Forms: Opera, mass, motet, anthem, cantata, oratorio

Composers: Monteverdi, Handel, Bach, Scarletti, Pergolesi

Classical (1750-1820)

Characteristics: Larger orchestrations; less improvisation; moderate use of crescendo and decrescendo; most meter in "4"; establishment of sectional form structure; less massive sounds. (ID aurally)

Forms: Mass, motet, oratorio

Composers: CPE Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven

Romantic (1820-1890)

Characteristics: Use of secular texts; extreme tempos, lengths, dynamic shifts; extensive use of dissonance, chromaticism, and modulation; thick homophonic textures; larger use of orchestration. (ID aurally)

Forms: Oratorio, motet, psalm, mass, symphony, choral

Composers: Berlioz, Brahms, Verdi, Mendelssohn

Grave

Very slow

Largo

Slow

Adagio

Moderately slow

Andante

Walking pace

Moderato

Moderate speed

Allegro

Lively/Fast

Presto

Very fast

Piu

More

Molto/Assai

Very

Poco

Little

Meno

Less

Subito

Suddenly

Passing tone

Non-chord tone approached by step and resolved by step in the same direction

Neighboring tone

Non-chord tone approached by step and resolved by step back to original pitch

Escape tone

Non-chord tone approached by step and resolved by leap in opposite direction

Anticipation

Non-chord tone approached by step and resolved by staying on the same pitch

Appoggiatura

Non-chord tone approached by leap and resolved by step in opposite direction

Suspension

Non-chord tone approached by same pitch and resolved by step down

Retardation

Non-chord tone approached by same pitch and resolved by step up

Tenor

VOICE CLASSIFICATION
1st Passagio: D4-F\#4
2nd Passagio: G4-Bb4
Range: C3-C5

Baritone

VOICE CLASSIFICATION
1st Passagio: Bb3-Eb4
2nd Passagio: Eb4-Ab4
Range: A2-A4

Bass

VOICE CLASSIFICATION
1st Passagio: Ab3-C4
2nd Passagio: Db4-F4
Range: E2-E4

Soprano

VOICE CLASSIFICATION
1st Passagio: Eb4-F\#4
2nd Passagio: Eb5-F\#5
Range: C4-C6

Mezzo Soprano

VOICE CLASSIFICATION
1st Passagio: Eb4-F4
2nd Passagio: D5-F5
Range: A3-A5

Contralto

VOICE CLASSIFICATION
1st Passagio: Db4-G4
2nd Passagio: D5-E5
Range: F3-F5

I, IV, V

Chords used in standard form of 12 bar blues

up a major 2nd

When scoring for a trumpet in Bb, how must a teacher transpose the music?

Use unison scales and arpeggios to help students develop their vocal range

What is the most appropriate voice-building strategy to use with an inexperienced middle school chorus?

chorale

What type of piece would be most useful for tuning an instrumental ensemble?

humanism

What idea are the musical aesthetics of the Classical era closely associated with?

Use a quick wrist action to bounce the mallets on the bars

What is an appropriate technique for playing an Orff barred instrument?

the electrical amplification of instruments

What was a major innovation in the development of rhythm and blues?

repetitive patterns

In traditional Indonesian gamelan music, what do melodies incorporate?

Tape-record natural sounds and alter them by manipulating the tapes

Advances in technology in the middle of the 20th century enabled the group of composers and researchers who developed the compositional technique known as "musique concrete" to...

songs with ostinatos

What should an elementary teacher teach first to introduce part-singing?

jazz ensemble

What type of ensemble may be likely to use a warm-up involving improvisation?

imperfect authentic cadence

V-I (inversions) or vii*-I

perfect authentic cadence

V-I (root position)

authentic cadence

V-I or vii*-I

deceptive cadence

V-vi

half cadence

end on V

plagal cadence

IV-I

phrygian half cadence

iv-V

Pachelbel sequence

I-V-vi-iii-IV-I-IV-V (in major)
i-v-VI-III-iv-i-iv-V (in minor)

7th resolves down; avoid parallel Vs

basic composition reminders

sequential

modulation where idea is restated in new key

Italian 6th chord

triad (often doubles do)

augmented 6ths

These chords have a b6 in the bass; based on b6 and \#4

French 6th

do, re, b6, \#4

German 6th

do, me (b3), b6, \#4

binary form

AB

rounded binary form

AB 1/2A

ternary form

ABA

12 bar blues form

I-I-I-I
IV-IV-I-I
V-IV-I-I

rondo form

ABACA etc.

sonata form

exposition, development, recapitulation

Schoenberg

founder of atonality

Cage paved way for experimental music. Then minimalism came and people returned to tonal elements, keeping experimental influence in ways such as indeterminacy (aleatory) and phasing. BAM! Post-minimalism came and only the boring parts of minimalism stayed, like steady pulse and diatonic pitches

experimental music to post-minimalism (sparknotes)

ondes martenot (sci-fi piano)
theramin
synthesizer

name 3 cool electric instruments

rhythm changes

AABA
I-vi-ii-V
I-vi-ii-V
III-vi-ii-I
I-vi-ii-V

protestant psalmody and Afro-Carribean styles (Parker);
blend Gaelic, German, and indigenous traditions (Beach);
African American and indigenous melodies (Dvorak)

What were some ideas for American nationalist music?

spirituals, field, hollers, and work songs

blues roots

blues style/technique

AAB form, syncopation, improv, call/response; lowered 3, 5, 7

gospel music

rooted in spirituals/hymns; driving rhythms; tight harmonies

mariachi ensemble

2+ violins, vihuela, guitarron, 2 trumpets, guitars

samba

duple meter; emphasis on 3rd beat; bells and drums

tresillo rhythm

used in Latin pop; triplets over a composite duple beat

Hindustani and Carnatic

Indian classical traditions

Bhangra

mix of folk and Sikhism

gagaku

Japanese court music

gongs, metallophones

Javenese gamelan ensemble

bunraku

Japanese puppet theater

taqsim

Arab improvisation