BIOLOGY - Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems: Plant & Animal Cells (Chapter 2.1)

A comprehensive set of Q&A flashcards covering cell theory, prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes, organelles, plant vs. animal cells, and specialized plant/animal cells based on the lecture notes.

According to Cell Theory, all living things are made up of .

one or more cells.

What is the smallest unit of life?

The cell.

All cells come from other cells.

cells.

What are the two main types of organisms?

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes are typically -celled and lack a .

single; nucleus.

Eukaryotes contain a and other organelles.

nucleus.

A cell that does not contain a nucleus is a .

Prokaryote.

A cell that contains a nucleus is a .

Eukaryote.

An organelle is a that performs a specific function in a cell.

cell structure.

The cell membrane is made of two layers and acts as a gatekeeper, also called a membrane.

semi-permeable.

The nucleus is often called the of the cell.

brain.

Chromosomes are housed in the .

nucleus.

Cytoplasm is the -like substance that fills the cell and holds organelles.

jelly.

Mitochondria are the of the cell.

power plants; energy producers.

Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into ATP and yields the byproducts and .

carbon dioxide; water.

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Moves materials (such as proteins) throughout the cell.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Collects and processes materials to be removed from the cell; also makes/ships mucus.

What is a vacuole?

A small bubble filled with liquid that stores food/water, removes waste, and helps maintain pressure.

Ribosomes are the organelles that build .

proteins.

Which plant cell structure provides support and protection?

Cell wall.

What is the plant cell wall made of?

Cellulose.

Where is the plant cell membrane located relative to the cell wall?

Directly inside the wall (cell membrane lies inside the wall).

What is typically stored in the large plant vacuole?

Water (and other compounds); maintains turgor pressure.

Which organelle contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts.

What is the process by which chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy?

Photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis equation (simplified): CO2 + H2O + light → + .

glucose (or sugar) and oxygen.

Do plant cells have chloroplasts? Do animal cells?

Plant cells: Yes. Animal cells: No.

Do plant cells have a cell wall? Do animal cells?

Plant cells: Yes. Animal cells: No.

Do plant cells or animal cells have large central vacuoles?

Plant cells (large central vacuole); animal cells have smaller vacuoles.

Specialized plant cell: Cuticle cells.

Cover epidermal cells and protect from water loss; outer layer of the plant.

Specialized plant cell: Epidermal cells.

Regulate boundary and gas exchange; barrier from environmental threat.

Guard cells.

Control opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange.

Palisade mesophyll cells.

Carry out photosynthesis; contain chloroplasts; capture light.

Specialized animal cell: Red blood cells.

Carry oxygen; look like red disks.

White blood cells.

Protect the body from germs and disease.

Muscle cells.

High mitochondria to supply ATP; include smooth, skeletal, and cardiac (striated).

Nerve cells.

Transmit stimuli and signals; can be very long.