A&P Lab - Class 1: Body Planes, Directional Terminology, Microscope

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Dorsal/posterior

Back

Ventral/anterior

Front

Plantar

Soles of feet

Palmar/volar

Palms of hands

Anterior

Forward

Posterior

Backward

Proximal

On limb, closer to point of attachment

Distal

On limb, further down

Medial

Midline

Lateral

Further from midline (middle)

Cranial

Head

Caudal

Tail-end

Superficial

Skin-level (external)

Deep

Organ-level (internal)

Sagittal section

Divides body into left and right

Midsagittal

Equal halves of sagittal section

Parasagittal

Unequal halves of sagittal section

Frontal/coronal section

Divides body into front and back

Transverse/horizontal/cross section

Divides body into top and bottom

Dorsal body cavity

Brain and spinal cord

Ventral body cavity

Visceral organs

Cranial cavity

Brain and spinal/vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity

Superior portion of ventral cavity. Pleural cavities and pericardial cavities

Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal and pelvic cavities

What cavity does the diaphragm divide?

The ventral body cavity

Which cavity do these organs reside:
Stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, small intestine, most of the large intestine

Abdominal cavity

Which cavity do these organs reside:
Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, uterus, ovaries

Pelvic cavity

Where is the pelvic cavity located

Within the bony pelvis

What is the serous membrane

A moist, slippery, and double-layered membrane. Strong and elastic.

Where is the serous membrane found and what does it cover?

Found in the ventral body cavity.
Covers:
- The viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- The walls of the thorax and abdomen

Parietal pleurae

Serous membranes that line the pleural cavities

What are the membranes that line the lungs?

Serous membranes called visceral pleurae

What is the parietal pericardium?

Serous membrane that lines the pericardial cavity

What is the visceral pericardium?

Serous membrane that covers the heart

Parietal vs. visceral

Parietal: Lines the cavity
Visceral: Covers the organ

Peritoneum

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

What are the double-layered folds in the peritoneum called?

Mesenteries

What are organs within the peritoneal cavity called?
What are some examples of these organs?

Intraperitoneal.
Liver, stomach, spleen, most of the small intestines, colon

What are the organs that lie behind the parietal peritoneum?
What is the name for this?

Pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, sex organs, urinary bladder, gallbladder, duodenum, ascending and descending colon.
This is called retroperitoneal

What is the job of mesenteries?

To hold organs in place

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A cavity found in between 2 layers of peritoneal membrane. Filled with serous fluid.

Condenser

Concentrates and directs light

Iris diaphragm

Thin, overlapping metal plates with a hole in its centre.
Regulates intensity of light passing through the condenser

Ectoparasite

Parasites found outside the body

Endoparasite

Parasites found within the body