Chemistry Unit 4 and 5

how much electrons can s subshell hold?

2

how much electrons can p subshell hold?

6

how much electrons can d subshell hold?

10

how much electrons can f subshell hold?

14

how many orbital are designated for s subshell?

1

how many orbital are designated for p subshell?

3

how many orbital are designated for d subshell?

5

how many orbital are designated for f subshell?

7

what does the integer numbers represent? in 1s^2 (the first number)

energy levels

what do the letters represent in 1s^2 ( s, p, d, f)

subshells (shapes)

what color of flame is produced when sodium is heated up?

yellow

what color flame is potassium?

violet

flame of lithium

red

flame of strontium

red

flame of calcium

orange

flame of barium

yellow

flame of copper

green

What color has the longest wavelength?

red

What color has the shortest wavelength?

violet

what color has lowest frequency

red

What color has the highest frequency?

violet

what color has the lowest energy?

red

what color has the highest energy?

violet

how to find total number of electrons

inner electrons+ outer shell= total

Aufbau Principle

An electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital available

Pauli Exclusion Principle

no same two electrons in the same atom can be in the same place at the same time

Hund's Rule

orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by 1 electron before any orbital os occupied by a second electron. BUS SEAT EXAMPLE

Do metals become cations or anions? why?

cations. they have fewer valence electrons to lose to become stable.

Do nonmetals become cations or anions? why?

Anions. They only need a few valence electrons to become stable.

what ionic charge is group 1?

+1

what ionic charge is group 2?

+2

what ionic charge is group 13?

+3

what ionic charge is group 15?

-3

what ionic charge is group 16?

-2

what ionic charge is group 17?

-1

what ionic charge does group 18 have?

0

Does atomic radius increase or decrease down a group?

increase

Does atomic radius increase or decrease across a period?

decrease

Does ionic radius increase or decrease down a group?

increase

Does ionic radius increase or decrease across a period?

decrease

when a metal becomes an ion it gets _____________

smaller

when a non metal becomes an ion it gets ______________

bigger

ionization energy

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Does ionization energy increase or decrease down a group?

decrease

Does ionization energy increase or decrease across a period?

increase

Does electron affinity increase or decrease down a group?

decrease

Does electronegativity increase or decrease across a period?

increase

What does high IE

very hard to remove electron

what are the hardest to remove electrons from?

noble gases

What does low IE mean?

easier to remove electron from

Does electronegativity increase or decrease down a group?

decrease

Does electronegativity increase or decrease across a period?

increase

who discovered a method to measure relative masses of atoms?

Stanislao Cannizzaro

who organized elements in increasing atomic masses?

Dmitri Mendeleev

who organized elements in increasing atomic number? (periodic law)

Henry Moseley

how many valence electrons does He have? (only exception)

2

Group 1 is also known as

Alkali metals

Group 2 is also known as

Alkaline-earth metals

Group 3-12 is also known as

Transition metals

Group 17 is also known as

Halogens

Group 18 is also known as

Noble gases

In groups 3-12, the d subshell that ends in 4 will change to

5

In groups 3-12, the d subshell that ends in 9 will change to

10