6.2 Infancy and Childhood

during the first year of life

When does an infant require the most nutrients per pound of body weight?

4-6 months

An infant will double their weight during the first _____ months

year

An infant will triple their weight during the first _____.

undernutrition

Children who do not receive adequate nutrients are at risk for _____, causing them to be short and underweight for their age.

developing

Undernutrition is more prevalent in _____ countries when breastfeeding ceases and the child relies on rice as a main staple of the diet with minimal protein intake.

poverty

In the United States, undernutrition may occur due to _____.

growth chart

The best way to track an infant's or child’s growth is by using a _____.

length, weight, and head circumferance form birth to 36 months

What is depicted on a growth chart?

85%

In children, a BMI at _____% or higher can indicate a risk for obesity.

around 6 months

At what age can solid foods be introduced into the diet?

• head and neck control

• ability to sit up with support

• disappearance of extrusion reflex

What cues should parents look for that indicate their infant is ready for solid foods?

the forward thrusting of the tongue to push food out of the mouth

What is the extrusion reflex?

iron fortified baby cereal

When the infant is ready for solids, _____ is typically introduced first.

to monitor for any signs of an allergy

Why is it important that new foods be introduced 7 days apart?

vegetables

Do pediatricians recommend introducing vegetables or fruit first?

one

By _____ year(s) of age, the infant should be consuming a variety of foods.

• honey

• choking hazard foods

• excess juice

• cow, goat, and unpasteurized milk

What foods should never be given to a child under the age of one?

botulism

Honey, which may contain spores of Clostridium botulinum, could lead to a food-borne illness known as _____. While the spores are harmless to an older child or adult, they can be fatal in a child younger than one year.

• small round foods (hot dogs or grapes)

• sticky foods (peanut butter)

• hard foods (candy or popcorn)

What are some examples of choking hazard foods?

• calcium deficiency

• poor dental health

• obesity

• diarrhea

What are the risks associated with excess juice intake?

fructose and sorbitol

Apple and pear juice contain _____, which can lead to diarrhea.

the inability to digest the proteins

Cow, goat, and unpasteurized milk should be avoided due to _____.

food poisoning

Unpasteurized milk poses a health risk for everyone and may result in _____.

around 6-7 months

When can self feeding skills be practiced?

2-5 years

Between the ages of _____ a toddler’s growth slows and appetite declines.

3-5 years

Preschoolers, ages _____ should be physically active throughout the day.

food jags

Children develop food preferences and often experience _____ —the desire to eat the same foods or only a certain color at each meal.

one bite rule

The _____ encourages the child to try one bite of each new food presented to them.

taste buds

Preschool children have more _____ than adults and are more sensitive to taste

• picky eater

• always wants a snack

• won’t eat vegetables

What are some common feeding difficulties parents face with preschoolers?

1 tbsp

Preschoolers should intake _____ tablespoon of fruits, vegetables, and meat/beans per year of life.

4-6 oz

Between the ages of 1-6 a child should not consume more than _____ ounces of juice per day.

8-12 oz

Between the ages of 7-18 a child should not consume more than _____ ounces of juice per day.

because of the natural sugars that make fruits sweeter

Why do children typically like fruits more than vegetables?

(1) Iron deficiency anemia

(2) Constipation

(3) Cavities (dental caries)

What are three common conditions that affect preschoolers who aren’t consuming enough variety of nutrients?

Cavities (dental caries)

_____ occur when sugar from beverages or food lie on the teeth or gums for an extended period of time.

• lack of regular meal times

• excess consumption of saturated fats

• increasing incidence of overweight and obesity

• Early onset of CV disease and type 2 diabetes

What special concerns occur during the school age years (preteen)?

breakfast

Preteens often sacrifice which meal to get extra sleep?

breaking the fast

Breakfast is important because, as the name implies, you are "_____."

iron, vitamin A, and folic acid

Ready-to-eat breakfast cereal is a good source of _____.

protein ; carbohydrate

The key for preteens is combining a good source of _____ with a _____ to jump-start their day and provide energy to carry them through until lunchtime.

• switching to low-fat milk and part-skim cheese

• substituting lean ground turkey for ground beef

• taking the skin off chicken

• baking or broiling instead of frying foods

What are some strategies that can limit the consumption of fats for preteens?

It often results in the “good food, bad food” attitude and is linked to eating disorders later in life.

Why is the over restriction of fat, however, is not a good idea?

40%

Approximately _____% of obese children become obese adults.

• supersized portions

• fast food

• convenience foods

• increased soft drink consumption

• easy access to sugar-laden snack foods

• a lack of physical activity

What factors contribute to the growing incidence of overweight and obese children?

60

Health professionals recommend at least _____ minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day for children and teens.

10-13 years

In females, growth normally occurs between the ages of _____.

lean and fat tissues

In females, much of their body weight is accumulated from _____.

12-15 years

In males, growth occurs between the ages of _____.

lean tissue

In males, much of their body weight accumulated is from _____.

one foot

On average, males experience a growth in height of approximately _____.

• SNAP

• WIC

• School lunch and school breakfast programs

What programs are available to ensure that all families have access to healthy food?

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

_____, formerly known as the Food Stamp program, provides an access card to low-income families to assist in the purchase of food.

Women, Infant and Children (WIC)

_____ is available to low-income pregnant moms, lactating moms, infants, and children up to the age of five years. Specific food, formula, and baby foods may be purchased for the participants.

summer lunch program

Some schools have the _____ to ensure that low-income children receive a hot meal daily.

backpack program

Some schools have the _____ where children who qualify receive a backpack with shelf-stable food items to provide food over the weekend.

Arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

_____ are long chain fatty acids essential for brain and eye development.