Communicable Diseases Flashcards

Flashcards of key vocabulary, signs, and treatments for various communicable diseases, based on provided lecture notes.

Amoebiasis (Amoebic Dysentery)

Etiologic Agent: Entamoeba hystolitica; Mode of Transmission: Fecal-Oral, Direct and Indirect contact; Sign: Mucopurulent, watery, blood-streaked stool with foul smell; Drug of Choice: Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis, Bloody Flux)

Etiologic Agent: Shigella flesneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella connei, Shigella dysenteriae; Mode of Transmission: Fecal-Oral, Ingestion of contaminated food and drinks; Sign: Bloody mucoid stool; Drug of Choice: Cotrimoxazole, Tetracycline, Ampicillin

Cholera (El Tor)

Etiologic Agent: Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio coma; Mode of Transmission: Fecal-Oral, Ingestion of contaminated food and drinks; Sign: Rice-watery stool with fishy odor; Drug of Choice: Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Cotrimoxazole, Furazolidone

Ascariasis (Roundworm Infection)

Etiologic Agent: Ascaris lumbricoides; Mode of Transmission: Fecal-Oral, Contaminated fingers put into mouth, ingestion of contaminated food and drinks; Sign: Nakamura Sign, Dot Sign; Drug of Choice: Albendazole, Mebendazole

Chickenpox (Varicella)

Etiologic Agent: Varicella Zoster Virus; Mode of Transmission: Direct contact, droplet, airborne, Indirect contact through linens or fomites; Sign: Centrifugal rash, Celestial Map; Drug of Choice: Acyclovir (Zoverax)

Herpes Zoster (Shingles, Acute Posterior Ganglionitis)

Etiologic Agent: Herpesvirus varicellae; Mode of Transmission: Direct contact, droplet, airborne, Indirect contact through articles soiled by secretions; Sign: Pruritic, painful clusters of vesicular lesions; Drug of Choice: Acyclovir (Zoverax), KMNO4

German Measles (Rubella, 3 day Measles)

Etiologic Agent: Rubella a Togaviridae; Mode of Transmission: Direct contact, droplet, transplacental; Sign: Forcheimer’s Spot; Treatment: Symptomatic

Measles (Morbilli)

Etiologic Agent: Rubeola; Mode of Transmission: Direct contact, droplets, Indirect contact; Sign: Koplik’s Spot; Treatment: Isoprinosine, Supportive therapy

Mumps (Infectious or Epidemic Parotitis)

Etiologic Agent: Paramyxovirus Group; Mode of Transmission: Droplet; Sign: Parotitis; Treatment: Anti-viral, relief of pain

Dengue Fever (Breakbone fever, dandy fever, hemorrhagic fever)

Etiologic Agent: Flavivirus, Arbovirus; Mode of Transmission: Vector-borne (Aedes aegypti); Sign: Herman Sign, + Rumple Leed’s Test; Treatment: Symptomatic and supportive therapy, blood transfusion

Diptheria

Etiologic Agent: Klebs Leoffler bacillus; Mode of Transmission: Contact with patient or articles soiled with discharges; Sign: Pseudomembrane; Treatment: Penicillin, Erythromycin

Encephalitis (Brain Fever)

Etiologic Agent: Arbovirus; Mode of Transmission: Vector-borne; Sign: Decrease LOC, ocular palsy, ptosis, flaccid paralysis; Treatment: Symptomatic and Supportive

Filariasis (Elephantiasis)

Etiologic Agent: Wuchereria bancrofti; Mode of Transmission: Vector-borne (mosquito bite); Sign: Microfilaria, elephantiasis; Treatment: Ivermectin, Albendazole, Diethylcarbamazine

Gonorrhea (Clap, Flores Blancas, Gleet)

Etiologic Agent: Neiserria gonorrhea; Mode of Transmission: Direct Contact (sexual), utero-placental; Sign: Painful urination with purulent discharge; Treatment: Ceftriaxone, Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin

Candidiasis (Moniliasis)

Etiologic Agent: Candida albicans; Mode of Transmission: Contact, Sexually transmitted; Sign: Oral thrush, vaginal excoriation, skin is scaly, erythematous and with presence of popular rash; Treatment: Nystatin, Clotrimasole, Fluconasole, Ketoconasole

Chlamydial Infections

Etiologic Agent: Chlamydia trachomatis; Mode of Transmission: Contact, Sexually transmitted; Sign: Pelvic inflammatory disease, dyspareunia, vaginal discharge; Treatment: Doxycycline, Azithromycin

Herpes Simplex

Etiologic Agent: Herpes simplex virus (HSV); Mode of Transmission: Sexual contact; Sign: Genital sores, blister break with injury; Treatment: Acyclovir

Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease, Hansenosis)

Etiologic Agent: Mycobacterium leprae; Mode of Transmission: Droplet, Direct (inoculation through skin breaks); Sign: peripheral nerve enlargement, loss of sensation, anhydrosis; Treatment: Sulfone Therapy, Multiple Drug Therapy

Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease, Canicola Fever, Mud Fever, Swine Herd Disease)

Etiologic Agent: Leptospira interrogans; Mode of Transmission: Ingestion or Contact with the skin and mucous membrane of the infected urine or carcasses of wild and domestic animals; Sign: Hemorrhagic jaundice; Treatment: Pen G Na, Tetracycline

Malaria (Ague)

Etiologic Agent: Plasmodium (falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale); Mode of Transmission: Vector borne (anopheles mosquito bite), BT, transplacental; Sign: Rapidly rising fever with severe headache, paroxysm with shaking chills; Treatment: Chloroquine, Quinine, Sulfadoxine, Primaquine

Meningitis (Cerebrospinal Fluid)

Etiologic Agent: Neisseria meningitides, Cytomegalovirus; Mode of Transmission: Droplet, direct invasion through Otitis Media; Sign: Brudzinski’s Sign, Kernig’s Sign; Treatment: Cephalosporin, Aminoglycosides, Mannitol, Corticosteroids, Anticonvulsant

Pertusis (Whooping Cough)

Etiologic Agent: Bordetella pertusis; Mode of Transmission: Direct contact, Droplet; Sign: Whooping cough; Treatment: Erythromycin, Supportive therapy

Pneumonia

Etiologic Agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae; Mode of Transmission: Droplet; Sign: Hacking paroxysmal cough, Rusty sputum; Treatment: Pen G Na, Bronchodilators, Expectorants, supportive therapy

Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis, Heine-Medin Disease)

Etiologic Agent: Legio debilitans; Mode of Transmission: Direct contact, contaminated articles; Sign: Non-paralytic: Flaccidity, + Pandy’s Test, Paralytic: + Hoyne’s Sign; Treatment: Analgesics

Rabies (Hydrophobia, Lyssa)

Etiologic Agent: Rhabdovirus; Mode of Transmission: Dog bite; Sign: Hyrophobia, Photophobia, Aerophobia, paralysis; Treatment: Lyssavac, Verorab

Schistosomiasis (Bilhariasis, Snail Fever)

Etiologic Agent: Shistosoma japonicum; Mode of Transmission: Contact (skin pores) with a tiny snail Oncomelania Quadrasi; Sign: Swimmer’s itch; Treatment: Praziquantel, Fuadin

Syphilis (Lues Venereal, Morbus Gallicus)

Etiologic Agent: Treponema pallidum; Mode of Transmission: Direct Contact (sexual), Idirect (soiled with blood articles); Sign: Chancre (primary) Condylomata lata (secondary); Treatment: Pen G Benzathine

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Etiologic Agent: Clostridium tetani; Mode of Transmission: Transmitted through open or punctured wound; Sign: Trismus, risus sardonicus, opistotonos, muscle rigidity; Treatment: Anti tetanus serum (ATS), Tetanus Toxoid, Pen G Na

Tuberculosis (Koch’s Disease, Phthisis)

Etiologic Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mode of Transmission: Droplet; Sign: Afternoon fever, night sweating, sudden weight loss, hemoptysis; Treatment: Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Streptomycin (DOTS)

Typhoid Fever

Etiologic Agent: Salmonella typhosa; Mode of Transmission: Fecal-Oral; Sign: Rose spots; Treatment: Chloramphenicol

Nakamura Sign

Colicky, periumbilical pain aggravated by cold stimulation

Dot Sign

Abdominal x-ray shows adult ascaris which looks like strands of spaghetti

Centrifugal Rash

Rash starts from the trunk (center, unexposed area), then spread to other parts of the body

Celestial Map

Body is covered with scabs

Forcheimer’s Spot

Pinkish rash on the soft palate, an exanthematous rash that appears first on the face, spreading to the neck, the arms, trunks, and legs

Koplik’s Spot

Inflammatory lesions of the buccal mucous glands with superficial necrosis, it usually appears 1-2 days before the measles rash.

Herman’s Sign

Redness and flushing of the skin (petechial rash)

• Rumple Leed’s Test

Also known as + Tourniquet test showing capillary fragility.

Pseudomembrane

Grayish white membrane found in the nasal cavity that later on will cover or obstruct the airway

Schick Test

Determine patient if susceptible to diphtheria

Moloney Test

Determine if patient is hypersensitive to diphtheria antitoxin

Microfilaria

Presence of millions of microscopic worms in the bloodstream

Lagopthalmos

Inability to close eyelids

Madarosis

Falling of the eyebrows

Hemorrhagic Jaundice

Yellow or red orange color of the skin and eyes

Brudzinski’s Sign

Spontaneous flexion of the hips while passively flexing the neck of the patient in supine position

Kernig’s Sign

Patient experience pain and feel resistance while flexing the knee in supine position in attempting to extend the leg

Pandy’s Test

Positive test shows increase protein, WBC and normal glucose in CSF

Hoyne’s Sign

Head drop

Swimmer’s Itch

A pruritic rash develops at the site of penetration

Chancre

Painless popular lesion

Condylomata lata

Dry hard grayish-white, wart like lesion

Trismus

Lockjaw (masseter muscle)

Risus Sardonicus

Sardonic smile – painful contraction of facial muscle

Opistotonus

Arching of the back due to painful contraction of the muscle of the spine

Rose Spot

light pink spot found in the abdomen