Final

science concerned with properties of drugs and their effects on the living system

pharmacology

branch of pharmacology that deals directly with effectiveness and safety of drugs in a clinical setting

clinical pharmacology

amount of drug given at one time

dose

amount given, the route, the interval between, and the duration of therapy

dosage

ability of a drug to control/cure an illness

efficacy

lowest concentration that produces the desired effect

minimum effective concentration

refers to the dose effective in 50% of population

ED50

drug concentration associated with efficacy and not toxicity

therapeutic range

amount of drug needed to achieve specific biological effect and seldom of any medical significance

potency

* which is a proprietary name?
* mitotane
* amoxicillin
* albon
* none

albon

an adverse event that is idiosyncratic, unpredictable, and often non-dose dependent

type b

an adverse event that can be anticipated based on mechanism of drug and is usually dose dependent

type a

substance naturally produced in the body and it induces a physiologic action

endogenous agonist

substance that blocks the action of an agonist

antagonist

substance that binds to the same site as an agonist but doesn’t activate it, therefore blocking the agonist action; prevents activity of drugs and reverses effects of drugs

competitive antagonist

substance that binds to more than one type of receptor and causes an effect at one receptor and no effect or less pronounced effect at another

partial agonist

substance that binds to one or more types of receptors and causes certain effects

pure agonist

substance that have agonist activity at one receptor site while simultaneously producing an antagonist activity at another site

agonist-antagonist

drugs are primarily metabolized by the

liver

T/F: Because of the “first pass effect”, a large portion of orally administered meds are inactivated by the liver before entering circulation. This is why oral doses are smaller than injectable

false

a dose of four tenth of mg would be written how?

0\.4 mg

T/F: All ethical products sold through DVM are illegal to sale

false

regulates pesticides and topical flea/tick products

EPA

regulates oral or parenterally administered pesticides

FDA

regulates veterinary biologics/vaccines

USDA

agency that enforces provisions of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 and subsequent amendments

DEA

refills for a non-controlled prescription drug may be authorized by the veterinarian for a maximum of (how long) from date on the original prescription

12 months

there is a (how long) refill limit for a controlled prescription drug

6 months

T/F: OTC product is used extra-label in animals, it must not be treated as a prescription drug in accordance with the provisions of AMDUCA

false

if there is a veterinary product available, do you have to choose it over a human product for non-food animals?

no

* Which of the following applies for a compounded product?
* no resale
* not a duplication
* based on individual needs
* all the above

all the above

abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence

schedule II

drugs with the lowest potential for abuse

schedule V

high potential for abuse

schedule I

less potential for abuse

schedule III

limited physical or psychological dependence potential

schedule IV

the DEA requires that Controlled Substance Records be kept for…

2 years

T/F: When humane societies obtain DEA license, the vet responsible can use the same vet DEA registration for their clinical and shelter

false

outdated, damaged, or contaminated controlled substance must be disposed of, and we follow federal regulations and file …

DEA form 41

to order schedule II drugs file a ….

DEA form 222

T/F: Mistakes on a DEA form can be corrected only with liquid paper

false

these can NOT be refilled

schedule I

during repolarization, (what) moves out of the call

potassium

what clinical signs are expected after administering glycopyrrolate?

increase heart rate

a owner is prescribed nitroglycerin cream for their pet. What advice can you give the owner?

wear gloves, apply to pinna of ear and layer of skin w/o hair, do NOT pet area with cream

T/F: Drug that block alpha-1 receptors, decrease arterial blood pressures

true

T/F: Drugs that imitates acetylcholine would slow heart rate

true

what is the drug of choice for control of premature ventricular contractions and ventricular arrhythmias?

lidocaine

client calls in regards to their 2-year-old cat presenting with diarrhea and vomiting. The pet is on Digoxin. What is your suggestion?

bring in immediately

what is the drug of choice for accumulating in cardiac muscles and cause residual affect after infusion?

dobutamine

in cats, facial dermatitis is a side effect of…

spironolactone

the main purpose of vasopressors….

increase blood pressure when fluid therapy is insufficient

a feline patient presents to the clinic for high blood pressure issues. The doctor put the patient on an antihypertensive medication. A week later the owner reports that the patient has been vomiting and having diarrhea for the past 24 hrs. Which antihypertensive medication is the patient most likely on?

amlodipine

name some diseases or medical conditions that bronchodilators are used to treat

feline asthma, equine COPD, and dog chronic bronchitis

what medication route is used to give terbutaline?

SQ

T/F: Decongestants are rarely used in animals

true

this class of respiratory drugs are designed to break mucous

mucolytics

this is the emetic drug of choice in cats

xylazine

maropitant is a NK-1 receptor antagonist antiemetic. what is the trade name?

cerenia

what is the generic name for zofran?

ondansetron

according to the article “assessment of dexmedetomidine”, two reversal medications for this drug are

atipamezole hydrochloride and yohimbine

according to the article “assessment of dexmedetomidine”, what has no effect on inducing emesis in cats?

hydrogen peroxide

five ways the vomiting reflex is influenced

* stimulation of neurons from emetic center
* stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone
* distention or irritation of GI contents
* inner ear balance
* emotional stimulus or intracranial trauma or pressure

a canine patient presents to the clinic having ate a reese’s peanut butter cup. What drug will you give to induce vomiting?

apomorphine

an owner calls concerned because her dog has had darks stool for 2 days. she is worried it is due to digested food. the dog has been on bismuth subsalicylate for 2 days. how do you respond to the client?

these side effects are expected but we can slow down the medication to make the stool go back to normal

which drug is considered an antacid/antiulcer drug?

nizatidine

which of the following antidiarrheal should not be used in cats?

bismuth subsalicylate

levothryoxine treats

hypothyroid

mitotane and trilostane treat

hyperadrenocorticism

I-131 and methimazole treat

hyperthyroidism

DOCP (percortin) and fludrocortison (flurinef) treat

addison’s

glipizide in cats treats

diabetes mellitus

diazoxide and glucocorticoids treat

insulinomas

T/F: When performing TDM, use serum separator tubes for any samples

false

T/F: Do not give prednisone or prednisolone until after ACTH stim test

true

this drug is used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. it does NOT require PTH for activation and is preferred form of vitamin D in hypoparathyroidism

dihydrotachysterol

for treating diabetes mellitus, which form of therapy is the better choice?

insulin

T/F: When preparing insulin administration, shake the vial to mix

false

this should NOT be given to patients in insulin shock

table sugar

T/F: When giving insulin to a patient, the syringe g does not matter

false

referred to as “mismating shot” and prevents embryo implantation in dogs within 72 hrs of mating

estradiol cypionate injection

given to female dogs to either prevent estrus or shorten estrus

megesterol acetate (ovaban)

oral liquid to suppress estrus in mares

altrenogest (regu mate)

lyses corpus luteum on ovary, forcing animal to begin estrous

prostaglandin F2 alpha

used to cause milk-let down; also causes uterine contractions for 2 days

oxytocin

bladder detrusor atony

hypocontractile

bladder urge incontinence

hypercontractile

the most common cause of incontinence in adult female dogs

urethral incompetence

phenylpropanolamine if effective in (what) of female dogs with urethral incontinence

85-90%

indicated for detrusor instability

oxybutynin

smooth muscle relaxation. it is used primarily for its effect in reducing internal urethral sphincter tone in dogs and cats when urethral sphincter hypertonus presents

phenoxybenzamine

used to increase bladder contractility; increased tone of detrusor muscle of the bladder; used to treat “spinal cord bladder”

bethanechol

increases urethral closure pressure by increasing density and responsiveness of alpha-adrenergic receptors in urethral smooth muscles

diethylstilbestrol

NSAIDS work by blocking

cyclo-oxygenase

anti-inflammatory steroids block

phospholipase

the most common side effect of NSAIDS

GI ulceration

which drug is an alcohol type of glucocorticoid?

flumethasone

T/F: you can safely give NSAIDS to a dehydrated patient

false

what disease is caused by long-term use of glucocorticoid drugs?

hyperadrenocorticism

which of the following steroids is more commonly used for topical applications?

cortisone (cortisol)