Module 14 Cellular respiration Fall 2024 Part 2 For Sharing (1)

Matrix

Matrix

The space within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

NADH and FADH2

Electron carriers produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle that donate electrons to the electron transport chain.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to acceptors to generate ATP.

Oxygen

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration; necessary for the electron transport chain.

Protein Complexes I to IV

Complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane responsible for electron transport and pumping protons.

Electrochemical Gradient

A gradient created by the pumping of protons across the mitochondrial membrane that drives ATP synthesis.

Proton Pumping

The process of moving protons (H+) across a membrane, creating a gradient used for ATP production.

ATP Synthase

The enzyme that synthesizes ATP using the energy from protons flowing down their electrochemical gradient.

Anaerobic Respiration

A form of respiration that does not require oxygen, often resulting in fermentation.

Fermentation

A biochemical process that regenerates NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue in anaerobic conditions.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation that uses pyruvate as a final electron acceptor to form lactate.

Pyruvate

The end product of glycolysis; can be converted to acetyl CoA or serve as an electron acceptor in fermentation.

Ethanol Fermentation

A process that uses acetaldehyde as a final electron acceptor to produce ethanol, occurring in yeast.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Fragmented oxygen molecules that can cause cellular damage; produced when electrons leak from the electron transport chain.

Endogenous Antioxidants

Molecules produced in the body that neutralize reactive oxygen species.

Glycolysis

The process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP in the cytosol.

Citric Acid Cycle

A series of reactions in the mitochondrial matrix where acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2, generating NADH and FADH2.

Transition Reaction

The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, linking glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process of ATP generation that uses energy from electron transport and the electron chain.

Coenzyme Q

A mobile electron carrier that transports electrons from Complex II to Complex III in the ETC.

Cytochrome C

A mobile electron carrier that transfers electrons from Complex III to Complex IV in the ETC.

Electrons in the ETC

Carry energy from NADH and FADH2 to be utilized for ATP synthesis.

Electrochemical Gradient-driven ATP Synthesis

The process where protons move back through ATP synthase to produce ATP.

Glucose Metabolism

The series of biochemical processes that convert glucose into ATP, CO2, and other products.

Complex I

Protein complex in the ETC that accepts electrons from NADH.

Complex II

Protein complex in the ETC that accepts electrons from FADH2.

Complex III

Protein complex in the ETC that transfers electrons to cytochrome C.

Complex IV

Protein complex in the ETC that transfers electrons to oxygen, forming water.

Oxidation-reduction (Redox) Reactions

Chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between two substances.

Anaerobic vs Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic does not require oxygen while aerobic does; aerobic produces more ATP.

Prokaryotes

Microorganisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; perform respiration across their plasma membrane.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus; perform respiration in mitochondria.

Energy Yield of Anaerobic Respiration

Produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule, significantly less than aerobic respiration.

ATP Yield from Glycolysis

Initial ATP produced during glycolysis before any further steps.

Chemiosmosis

Process by which ATP is produced using the flow of protons down their concentration gradient.

NADH Recycling

Process where NAD+ is regenerated from NADH in fermentation, allowing glycolysis to continue.

Lactic Acid in Muscles

The buildup of lactic acid during strenuous activities due to anaerobic respiration.

High Potential Energy Compounds

Substances that can donate electrons; crucial in metabolic processes.

Carbon Dioxide Release

By-product of glucose metabolism, especially during the Kreb's cycle.

Mitochondria

Cell organelles responsible for aerobic respiration and ATP production.

Kanban Flow

Method that combines simple flow to manage tasks, not applicable to biological processes.

Process of ATP Synthase Action

As protons flow through, ATP is synthesized from ADP and phosphate.

Intracellular Respiration

Respiration occurring within the cells, especially relevant to cellular metabolism.

Krebs Cycle Components

Includes oxaloacetate, acetyl CoA, and several intermediate compounds.

Glycolysis Location

Occurs in the cytosol of cells, breaking glucose into pyruvate.

Aerobic Conditions

Environmental condition that requires oxygen for optimal ATP production.

Mitochondrial Membranes

Include inner and outer membranes where various stages of cellular respiration take place.

ATP Produced in Transition Reaction

No ATP is generated directly; instead, NADH is produced during the conversion of pyruvate.

ATP Yield from Krebs Cycle

The Krebs cycle produces NADH and FADH2, which contribute to ATP production in the ETC.

Superoxide

A type of reactive oxygen species formed during electron transport.

Oxidative Decarboxylation

The process of converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the transition reaction.

Final Electron Acceptor

Oxygen in aerobic respiration, crucial for completing the electron transport chain.

Disruption of Electron Transport Chain

Can result from improper function of protein complexes, affecting ATP synthesis.

H2O Formation

The result of oxygen accepting electrons and protons at the end of the electron transport chain.