Psych/Soc

Paternalism

high status = more right to make decisions

Humanistic perspective

perspective of personality,

use of free will and how to best apply it

Biological perspective

perspective of personality,

based on biological inheritance

Behaviorist perspective

perspective of personality,

external stimuli experienced by person

Social cognitive perspective

perspective of personality,

concerned with effects of actions on others

Trait perspective

perspective of personality,

scientific study of traits has isolated important dimensions of personality

Psychoanalytic perspective

perspective of personality,

personality consists of

pleasures seeking impulses (ID)

reality-oriented executive (EGO)

internalized set of ideals (SUPEREGO)

Behaviorism (learning) theory

theory of language acquisition,

continuous exposure and positive reinforcement

Nativism theory

theory of language acquisition,

innate and controlled by language acquisition device

Social interactionist theory

theory of language acquisition,

caused by motivation to communicate and interact with others

Trust vs Mistrust

Erikson stage of psychological development,

age 0-1

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Erikson stage of psychological development,

age 1-3

Initiative vs Guilt

Erikson stage of psychological development,

3-6

Industry vs Inferiority

Erikson stage of psychological development,

6-12

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson stage of psychological development,

12-20

Intimacy vs Isolation

Erikson stage of psychological development,

20-40

Generativity vs Stagnation

Erikson stage of psychological development,

40-65

Integrity vs Despair

Erikson stage of psychological development,

65-death

Sensorimotor stage

Piaget stage of cognitive development,

birth-2, manipulating environment to meet physical needs, object permanence ends it

Preoperational stage

Piaget stage of cognitive development,

2-7, symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration

Concrete operational stage

Piaget stage of cognitive development,

7-11, understanding the feelings of others and logical thought with concrete objects

Formal operational stage

Piaget stage of cognitive development,

11 and up, abstract thought and problem solving

Stage 1

sleep stage,

light sleep, theta waves on EEG

Stage 2

sleep stage,

slightly deeper sleep, theta waves, sleep spindles, k complexes on EEG

Stage 3 and 4

sleep stage,

deep and slow wave, delta waves on EEG

REM

sleep stage,

appears close to awake on EEG, eye movements, dreaming

James-Lange theory

theory of emotion,

arousal = physical response = emotion

Cannon-Bard theory

theory of emotion,

arousal = physical and emotional response

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory

theory of emotion,

arousal = physical response and cognitive label = emotional response

Identification

outwardly accepting ideas of others even if you don’t believe them

Lateral geniculate nucleus

involved in relay of visual information

Medial geniculate nucleus

involved in relay of auditory stimuli to auditory cortex

Cluster A disorders

behavior patterns that are off or eccentric

Cluster B disorders

behavior patterns that are dramatic, emotional, or erratic

Cluster C disorders

behavior patterns that are anxious or fearful

Anterior cingulate cortex

involved in higher order cognition

Stage I

stage of demographic transition theory,

preindustrial society, birth and death rates are high resulting in stable population

Stage II

stage of demographic transition theory,

economic progress and social improvements lead to high birth rates and declining death rates, leading to high population growth

Stage III

stage of demographic transition theory,

improvements in contraception, women’s rights, and a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy cause birth rates to drop, reducing population growth

Stage IV

stage of demographic transition theory,

industrialized society, birth and death rates low, constant population

Activation synthesis

dream theory,

attributes dreams to random neuronal activation

Problem solving

dream theory,

dreams are a way to solve problems during sleep

Cognitive process

dream theory,

dreams arise from streams of conscioussness

Neurocognitive model

dream theory,

dreaming combines biological and psychological perspectives of dreaming with physiological change

Fixed ratio

reinforcement schedule,

Behavior is rewarded after given the desired response

Variable ratio

reinforcement schedule,

The number of responses needed for a reward varies

Fixed interval

reinforcement schedule,

Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Variable interval

reinforcement schedule,

Reward is given after varying and unpredictable amounts of time

Conflict theory

theoretical approach of society,

focuses on inequality between different groups where change comes about through conflict between competing interests, not consensus or adaptation

Functionalism

theoretical approach of society,

promotes solidarity and stability in a community but cannot account for individual or social changes

Symbolic interactionism

theoretical approach of society,

individuals change based on their interactions with other people, objects, and events by assigning meaning to them to decide how to act

Social constructionism

theoretical approach of society,

focuses on how knowledge and experiences are not real, but exist because individuals and society give them meaning

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

suggests that human condition is affected by language

Classical conditioning

Theory of learning,

involves learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets associated with the behavior

Operant conditioning (Skinner)

Theory of learning,

new or continued behaviors are impacted by new or continued consequences- positive reinforcements increase or maintain frequency of behavior

Modeling/Observational learning

Theory of learning,

occurs from watching, retaining, and replicating a behavior observed from a model

Schemas

a mental representation- as we encounter things in our environment, we develop additional schemas

Affective

ABC of attitude,

deals with feelings

Behavioral

ABC of attitude,

deals with the effect of the attitude on behavior

Cognitive

ABC of attitude,

deals with beliefs, ideas, and knowledge

Socialization

process by which the new generation learns the knowledge, attitudes, and values that they need as productive citizens

Gentrification

members of middle and upper classes enter and renovate city areas that have been historically less affluent while the poor urban underclass is forced by resulting price pressures to leave those neighborhoods for increasingly decaying portions of the city

Stratification

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

Oral stage

Freud stage of development,

0-1

Anal stage

Freud stage of development,

1-3

Phallic stage

Freud stage of development,

3-6

Latency stage

Freud stage of development,

6-12

The Hawthorne effect

changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed

Me

George Mead,

represents learned societal behaviors and expectations

I

George Mead,

represents an individual’s identity based on the response to societal behaviors and expectations

Looking glass self

people see themselves based on how they believe others perceive them during social interactions

Preconventional

Kohlberg's stage of moral development,

0-9: punishment/reward

Conventional

Kohlberg's stage of moral development,

adolescents/adults: pleasing others/duty of society

Postconventional

Kohlberg's stage of moral development,

0-15% of 20+ year olds: personal values/morals

Law of proximity

Gestalt principle,

group objects that are physically close

Law of similarity

Gestalt principle,

group objects that are similar

Law of closure

Gestalt principle,

perception completes incomplete objects

Law of continuity

Gestalt principle,

lines are seen as following the smoothest path

Weber’s Law

the difference threshold is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus

k =dI/I

Actor-observer bias

a tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes

Fundamental attribution error

when we make attributions about another person's actions, we are likely to overemphasize the role of dispositional factors, while minimizing the influence of situational factors

Centration

a fixation or centeredness on a single component or aspect of a larger whole

Reproductive memory

idealized memory where we recall information exactly the way it occurred

Flashbulb memory

memories that are especially vivid, memorable, and more likely to be remembered with greater detail due to strong emotional associations

Prospective memory

memory oriented towards the future, such as the memory of planning a future action

Explicit memory

memories we can consciously remember or recall

Eidetic memory

photographic memory, the ability to recall an image with near perfect or high accuracy after seeing the image once for a short period of time

Episodic memory

type of explicit memory, stores personally experienced episodes with tags for context and time

Semantic memory

type of explicit memory, common knowledge or concepts (1+1=2)

Iconic memory

relates to an icon or image

Implicit memory

long-term memories that are not consciously remembered

Procedural memory

type of implicit memory, correspond to skills and tasks (riding a bike)

Elaboration likelihood

considers the variables of the attitude change approach

features of the source of the persuasive message, contents of message, and delivering the persuasive message

Self-fulfilling prophecy

the cycle where expectations, especially negative ones, influence the outcome and ultimately lead to the original expectation

Stereotype threat

stress of anxiety produced when someone perceives themselves to be in a situation where they might confirm a negative stereotype about a group they belong to

Cognitive dissonance

occurs when someone experiences tension between beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors they hold, and suggests that the person will try to minimize that tension by either questioning the beliefs, rationalizing or denying the tension, or changing the behavior.

Socioeconomic status (SES)

a person’s occupation, income, and education

Internal locus of control

person believes they are able to influence outcomes through their own efforts and actions

External locus of control

person perceives outcomes as controlled by outside forces

Extinction

the loss of a behavior associated with operant conditioning where the reinforcement is removed