Bolshevik Ecnonomy

What did State Capitalism mean for industries?

Most industries and companies were privately owned but the business and activities of owners were monitered by the state

What was controlled by the state?

Heavy industries e.g Putilov steel works, the railways and the banks

What was set up in December 1917?

Vesenkha- Supreme Council of National Economy

What made up the Vesenkha?

Glavki

What were key features of War Communism?

Nationalisation of all businesses and state monopooly on markets for good and services

What was partial militirisation of labour?

People were fored to work to meet the needs of the civil war

What did War Communism mean for peasants?

Their food and property was requisitioned with brutal force, peasant women routinely raped

How many Bolshevik activists and Cheka members formed requisition squads?

150,000

What was the requisitioning of grain referred to as?

A ‘Battle for grain’

How many uprisings were there between July and August 1918 over food brigades?

200

What was the percentage of 1913 production by 1920?

60%

What did War Communism create in industry workers so they could attain money?

Bagmen, workers who would travel into the countryside to sell stolen items for money

What was absency on average in factories?

30% on an average day

How high was absenteeism in some metal factories?

80%

How many died in the 1921 famine?

An estimated 5 million

What happened to currency during War Communism?

It collapsed leading to payment in food and fuel instead

Why were many peasants arrested or shot?

They hid grain from requisition squads

What caused the Tambov uprising?

Peasants who were angry at the requisitioning of grain and sparked by public attacks on the elderly and burning of villages

Who was involved in the Tambov uprising?

40,000 peasants from Tambov led by Alexander Antonov

When did the Tambov uprising occur?

August 1920

How did Bolsheviks deal with the Tambov uprising?

Led by Tukhachevsky they used heavy artillery killing Antonov in 1922

What was the result of the Tambov uprising?

7 concentration camps/gulags were set up and at least 100,000 sent to these camps

How many died as the result of the Tambov Uprising?

250,000 believed dead

When was the Kronstadt Naval Base rebellion?

March 1921

Who was involved in the Kronstandt rebellion?

10,000 sailors from the Baltic fleet

What did the sailors at Kronstadt want?

Kronstandt 15 point manifesto:
.Legalisation of all parties
.All new Soviet elections

How was the Kronstadt rebellion ended?

Seige at the naval base which lasted for 2 weeks, suppressed by 50,000 red Army troops, 10,000 of whom died

When was the New Economic Policy implemented?

March 1921

What was ‘Tax in kind’?

Peasants gave a percentage of their grain and could sell the rest for profit on an open market

When was ‘Tax in kind’? replaced by a money tax?

1924

What industries were left under state control?

Heavy industry like coal, steel, banking and railways

What was expected of state controlled industries?

Expected to make a profit, not bailed out by the government so efficiency increased

When did production return to 1913 levels?

By 1928

Coal production more than doubled between which years?

1921 and 1924

By what year was there enough food going into towns?

1923

Why did the NEP cause a divide in the Communist party?

It was seen as a massive ideological retreat which angered dedicated Bolsheviks

How did Lenin deal with the divide?

He banned factions at the 10th Party Congress and purged the party from 730,000 to 500,000

What was the Scissor Crisis?

The price of Agricultural products plummeted while Industrial prices skyrocketed

How did the government counteract the Scissor Crisis?

They capped industrial prices and replaced ‘Tax in Kind’ with money tax

How did the government respond to the resentment over private traders?

They closed down 300,000 shops and market stalls

What percentage of 1913 levels was agricultural production by 1925?

91%

What percentage of 1913 levels was industrial product by 1925

76%