IB Sports & Exercise Health Science - Unit 4 Test Terms

Injury

Physical damage or harm to the body caused by external force or internal stress

Risk of injury equation

Risk = probability of injury × severity of injury

Trauma

Physical or psychological injury caused by an external force or event

Internal factors

Individual characteristics within a person that affect injury risk

Age

Stage of life influencing injury risk due to development or degeneration

Effects of training

Body adaptations from exercise that can increase or decrease injury risk

Previous injury

Past injury increasing likelihood of future injury

Sex differences

Biological differences affecting injury risk (e.g., hormones, anatomy)

Pregnancy and postpartum

Physiological changes affecting stability and injury risk

Congenital factors

Genetic or birth traits influencing injury susceptibility

Psychological factors

Mental states (stress, anxiety) affecting injury risk and recovery

External factors

Environmental influences affecting injury risk

Personal protective equipment

Gear worn to reduce injury risk (e.g., helmets, pads)

Position

Role in a sport affecting movement patterns and injury risk

Playing surface

Type/condition of ground influencing injury likelihood

Equipment

Tools used in sport that can prevent or cause injury

Musculoskeletal injury

Injury to muscles, bones, ligaments, or tendons

Laceration injuries

Cuts or open wounds caused by sharp objects

Contusion or compression injuries

Bruising from direct impact

Concussion

Mild traumatic brain injury affecting brain function

Strain type injuries

Muscle or tendon injury from overstretching or overuse

Acute injuries

Sudden injuries from a single event

Chronic injuries

Long-term injuries from repeated stress

Overuse injuries

Injuries from repetitive strain without recovery

Prehabilitation

Preventative training to reduce injury risk

Injury treatment

Methods used to manage and heal injuries

ICE

Ice, Compression, Elevation

RICE

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

PRICE

Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

POLICE

Protection, Optimal Loading, Ice, Compression, Elevation

NSAIDS

Drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Treatment of concussions

Rest and gradual return to activity with monitoring

Over training

Excess training without recovery causing fatigue and performance decline

Under training

Insufficient training leading to lack of improvement

Overreaching

Short-term excessive training with temporary performance decline

Training

Structured physical activity to improve performance

OTS

Overtraining syndrome causing long-term fatigue and performance decline

DOMS

Muscle soreness 24–72 hours after exercise

Principle of specificity

Training adaptations are specific to the activity performed

Principle of progressive overload

Gradually increasing training load

Principle of recovery

Allowing time for rest and adaptation

Principle of variety

Using different training methods to prevent boredom and injury

Principle of reversibility

Fitness is lost when training stops

Principle of periodization

Planned variation of training over time

Frequency of training

How often you train

Intensity

How hard you train

Duration

Length of training sessions

Type one diabetes

Body cannot produce insulin

Type two diabetes

Body resists or does not produce enough insulin

Type three diabetes

Insulin resistance in the brain linked to Alzheimer’s

Modifiable risk factors

Risk factors that can be changed

Non-modifiable risk factors

Risk factors that cannot be changed

Energy balance

Relationship between energy intake and expenditure

Osteoporosis

Condition where bones become weak and brittle