French Revolution test

Louis XVI

- 1754 - 1793

- from Versailles, France

- married to Marie Antoinette

- tried for treason by the National Convention and was convicted in January 1793

- he is executed via guillotine

Marie Antoinette

-queen of france

- 1755 - 1793

- "let them eat cake"

- she was accused of treason

- convicted and executed via guillotine

Jacques Necker

- financial expert of Louis XVI

- he advised Louis to reduce court spending, reform his government, and abolish tariffs on internal trade

- the First and Second Estates got him fired

Olympe de Gouges

- 1748 - 1793

- a french journalist who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen arguing for women's rights

Maximilien Robespierre

- May 6, 1758 - July 28, 1794

- a french lawyer and orator

- head of the Committee of Public Safety

- known for his inflexible justice

- wanted to establish a "republic of virtue" at home in France by executing criminals

- Jean-Paul Marat is a fellow supporter of his tactics

- was put on trial by the Committee of Public Safety and executed by guillotine

Napoleon Bonaparte

- 1769 - 1821

- emperor of the French

- in 1799, he became the French hero of the people/symbol of the revolution

- he overthrows the Directory's power and becomes the new executive branch

- In 1799 the Age of Napoleon began

- convention sees him as means of restoring power to the executive branch

Horatio Nelson

- British admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar along with his british troops

Jacques Louis David

- french revolution painter

- painted Napoleon crossing the Alps

Clemens Von Metternich

- austrian foreign minister

- wanted to restore all of the monarchs that Napoleon had replaced with his friends and relatives

Tennis Court Oath

- Louis XVI took this

- they seared never to separate and meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution

- took place in a tennis court

The Constitution of 1791

- all 3 estates have equal power in government

- National Assembly becomes Legislative Assembly

- absolute monarchy is abolished, forcing the king to obey

The Storming of Bastille

- July 14, 1789

- people feared the king was going to use his guards to attack the National Assembly, so they went to look for gunpowder and weapons

- more than 800 parisians broke in and released the king's prisoners and killed the guards

- no gunpowder or weapons were found

- marks the beginning of the French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

- August 1789

- Liberté, Equalité, Fraternité (liberty, equality, fraternity/brotherhood)

- all men born and remain equal in rights including liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression (John Locke)

- the government exist to protect the rights of citizens

- freedom of religion (Denis Diderot)

- taxes levied according to ability to pay

- rights did not extend to women

- reforms not accepted by Louis XVI

Congress of Vienna

- June 9, 1815

- meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Reign of Terror

- September 5, 1793

- the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front

- He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

First Estate

- Nuns

- privileges:

- 10% of the land

- paid no taxes

- collected taxes

- complaints:

- interference in politics

- intolerance of dissent

- the enlightenment threatened their power

Second Estate

- nobleman

- privileges:

- top jobs in the government

- the army

- courts

- the church

- didn't have to pay taxes

- complaints:

- having to share jobs with people in the lower classes

Third Estate

- lawyer:

- privileges:

- owned 20-25% of the land

- were educated

- had opportunity to hold public office

complaints:

- poor or unemployed

- had to pay taxes

- resented all jobs that went to the nobles

- peasant:

- privileges:

- worked on 30-40% of the land

- had access to food

- complaints:

- owned no property so they couldn't vote

- had to pay taxes

- urban worker:

- privileges:

- none

- complaints:

- struggled to survive especially when the prices of consumer goods increased

- had to pay taxes

- The French and Indian war and the American Revolution

- the court was spending more money on parties, clothing, and food which is deficit spending

- to cover its gap between income and expenses the government raised taxes

- to solve this problem the government needed to increase taxes and reduce spending or both

Causes of the financial crisis France faced in the late 1780's

1. Moderate Phase (1789-1792)

2. Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

3. Directory Phase (1795-1799)

4. Age of Napoleon/Napoleonic Phase (1800-1815)

Four phases of the Revolution

- they wanted to meet as one body and for each delegate to have one vote

How did the 3rd Estate attempt to make all 3 estates equal?

- the French Revolution

- overthrowing of the French Monarchy

- Italian and Egyptian campaigns

- Invasion of Russia (turning point)

- the continental system

- the Napoleonic Code

- abdication of his throne

- battle of waterloo

- his death

Main events in the rise and fall of Napoleon

- driving on the right side of the road

- inspired people to use the metric system

Legacy of Napoleon

September 1792

- France becomes a republic under the new constitution because the monarchy is abolished

guillotine

- a machine where a blade comes down and decapitated people

- as we know, it was a painless and fast death

- it was made so people could be killed equally

Committee of Public Safety

- an executive branch made of 12 members

- headed by Maximilien Robespierre

- July 1793

It ends the Reign of Terror

What is the importance of Robespierre's death?

The Directory Phase

- the weakest phase

- 1795 - 1799

The Directory

- 5 man executive branch

- created during the Directory Phase

- 1795

Emigres

Royalist

Napoleon's major battles

- Battle of Trafalgar (October 21, 1805)

- Battle of Austerlitz (December 2, 1805)

- Invasion of Russia (June 24, 1812)

- Battle of Leipzig (October 16-19, 1813)

- Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815)

St. Helena

- A small island in the south Atlantic ocean where Napoleon banished to

- He died there from stomach cancer

Elba

- An island in the Mediterranean that Napoleon banished to because he loses the war and is forced to give up his throne

Napoleon's code

- a law code that preserved many elements of the French Revolution, like freedom of religion and equality under the law

Battle of Trafalgar

- Napoleon's first major battle

- October 21, 1805

- it was a sea battle

- he was defeated by the british admiral, Horatio Nelson

Battle of Waterloo

- June 18, 1815 (end of French Revolution)

- took place in belgium

- Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington and prussian general, Bucher

Coup D'etat

- an overthrowing of the government

Plebiscite

- a vote by the people

Invasion of Russia

- 1812

- this was Napoleon's turning point

- Russians regret using a scorched earth policy

- Napoleon is forced to return to France having lost 3/4 of his army (defeat)

Sans - culottes

- radical lower class men who wore long trousers to distinguish themselves from nobles

Cahiers

- notebooks containing grievances

- representatives of each state brought this with them to the Estates-General meeting

Nationalism

- extreme pride in one's nation

- to create a LASTING PEACE by BALANCING POWER among the major nations of Europe

- to protect the system of MONARCHY in Europe

Goals of the Congress

Balancing Power

France was forced to loose land that is had annexed as a part of Napoleon's empire

- French lands in northern Italy were returned to Austria

Restorations (Monarchy)

- Legitimate / heredity monarchs that Napoleon had replaced with his friends and relatives were restored to power

- Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, was forced to abdicate and the King of Spain reclaimed his throne

Lasting Peace

- Because of the mild treatment of France as the defeated enemy, France will not seek revenge and peace in Europe will last 100 years

Deficit Spending

- spending more money than one is earning

- this causes individuals to go into debt

Abdicate

- to give up power

- his code included ideas like freedom of religion and equality under the law, which are ideas from John Locke

How did Napoleon code relate to the ideas of the Enlightenment?