APHG unit 4

describe the characteristics of a state

• has spatial extent

• permanent population

• recognition from other states

• defined borders

• sovereign government

example of a state in north america

US, Canada, Mexico

example of a state in Latin america

Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Dominican Republic

examples of a state in europe

Italy, France, Germany, Norway

examples of a state in former Soviet union

Ukraine, Kazakhstan

examples of a state in asia

China, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia

examples of a state in southwest Asia/north africa

egypt, turkey, iran, syria

examples of a state in sub-saharan africa

nigeria, ghana, ethiopia

examples of a state in oceania

australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua new guinea

define a nation

a group of people with shared culture, attachment to an area, and seek political control over that area

define a nation-state

the borders of a nations homeland are the same as the state, population is linked through common culture & history, tends to be isolated

define a stateless nation

a group that is spread out over several states, has little to no political power, and is the minority group

define a multinational state

state that has many national groups in it, often one is dominant and controls ESPeN powers

define a multistate nation

national group has its own state and spreads across its borders into other states, controls ESPeN powers and influences other countries/states

define a autonomous region

defined area in a state, has a high degree of self government and freedom

define a semi-autonomous region

defined area in a state, moderate degree of self government and freedom

example of a nation

kurds, palestinians

example of a nation-state

japan, iceland

example of a stateless nation

kurds, palestinians

example of a multinational state

canada, Russia, UK

example of a multistate nation

germans, koreans, hungarians

example of a autonomous region

cook islands, niue

example of a semi-autonomous region

hong kong, macau

define sovereignty

the right of a state to rule over itself

define self determination

people have a right to govern themselves, often a nation/ethnicity that wants its own state

use a specific example to explain how self determination and the quest for nation-state status can lead to conflict

the Kurds wanted a homeland, but their territory was divided into states. this lead to Kurdish independence movements, states using military force, and mass atrocities in iraq.

define imperialism

creating an empire by exerting force to control other nations from afar

define colonialism

claiming territories and settling there to exert economic and social control

economic impacts of colonialism/imperialism

labor exploitation, wealth only going to imperial powers not local populations, and underdevelopment

social impacts of colonialism/imperialism

cultural suppression/assimilation, population displacement, changes in social structure

political impacts of colonialism/imperialism

superimposed boundaries, centralized government, militarization

environmental impacts of colonialism/imperialism

resource depletion, non-native species, environmental degradation, urbanization

define independence movement

group of people in a part of an area advocating for separation from larger political entities

examples of independence movements

catalonia, Spain, & scotland, UK

define devolution

breaking up of a state into smaller units or the passing of power from central to lower governments

examples of devolution

catalonia, basque, and Yugoslavia into Balkan states

define territoriality

the connection of people, their culture, and economic systems to the land

define neocolonialism

developed countries exert economic power over developing countries

define shatterbelt

areas where conflict over forces causes regional problems

define chokepoint

areas where political geography makes a narrow opening, difficult for travel

5 types of boundaries

relic, superimposed, antecedent, geometric, subsequent, consequent

relic boundary

former boundary that holds some kind of significance

superimposed boundary

drawn by outside powers and ignores existing boundaries

antecedent boundary

drawn before many people lived in an area and established a cultural landscape

geometric boundary

follows straight lines, can be antecedent or superimposed

subsequent boundary

drawn where people have already settled and established cultural landscape

consequent boundary

drawn to accommodate existing differences among people

example of relic boundary

great wall of china

example of superimposed boundary

boundary lines in africa

example of antecedent boundary

USA, Canada

example of geometric boundary

USA, Canada, north africa

example of subsequent boundary

much of europe

example of consequent boundary

balkans, nunavut

describe how groups express territoriality and how it can lead to conflict

by building infrastructure, making borders, declaring independence, passing laws, religious buildings, making tariffs, etc

economic example of neocolonialism

resource extraction by oil companies in Nigeria shape economic policy and benefit people disproportionately

political example of neocolonialism

US military bases in Puerto Rico - shapes politics and security priorities

cultural example of neocolonialism

local film/media industries struggle to compete with Netflix, Hollywood, etc

political example of a shatterbelt

balkans, Ukraine and sudan

religious example of a shatterbelt

balkans, middle east

example of chokepoint

strait of Hormuz, and any straits

describe the purpose of boundaries

made to organize people and space, protect cultural and national identity, control resources and economic activity, and provide security

describe how boundaries are established

defined, delimited, demarcated, administered

1. defined

legally described in documents/treaties

2. delimited

cartographers draw the boundary on a map

3. demarcated

the boundary is physically marked (fence, wall, sign, etc)

4. administered

government manages and enforces the boundary (customs, patrols, etc)

cultural boundary examples

India - pakistan: separates religions

czech republic - Slovakia: separates language and ethnicity

national boundary examples

norway-sweden

portugal-spain

south korea-north korea

example of demilitarized zone

between north and south Korea - made to prevent violent conflict between the opposing sides and resulted in less conflict and very rich soil and lots of life in the empty space

definitional boundary

conflicts over the interpretation of documents defining a boundary and the way it is shown

locational boundary

conflicts over states or regions over the ownership of a certain area

operational boundary

conflicts over policies applied to a border

allocational boundary

conflicts over the use of resources created or complicated by a boundary

example of a definitional boundary

chile - Argentina: treaty says boundary should follow crest of Andes mountains - what counts as crest?

example of a locational boundary

chile - argentina: precise location of crest of the Andes mountains

example of an operational boundary

US - Mexico: regulate flow of goods, handle of drug trafficking

example of a allocational boundary

iraq - Kuwait: dispute over oil field

explain how political boundaries can formalize national and cultural identities

czech republic and Slovakia - the boundary made each nation’s national identity more defined with different govs, laws, flags, etc

explain how international agreements can create a regional block of shared identity

EU built a series of treaties and agreements that linked European countries economically and politically after WW2. They helped build a European identity.

explain how boundaries can discourage international interaction

they make you more separated with different governments and laws in each place and cultural boundaries can reduce communication, physical boundaries like the DMZ, etc

explain how international agreements encourage international interaction

when you have the same agreements connecting you, it helps bring countries closer together and have to interact more

explain how international agreements discourage international interaction

can enforce restrictions to limit interaction or could impose strict external borders

explain how political boundaries can cause resource disputes

iraq and kuwait - oil field dispute caused disagreements about who owns the oil field, creating a point of tension

define UNCLOS

united nations convention on the law of the sea - a physical boundary that defines the use of international waters

territorial zone

an area of the ocean that a coastal state directly controls as part of its territory

contiguous zone

extends 12 nautical miles and state can enforce laws about immigration, taxes, sanitation, etc

EEZ

extends 200 NM and the state can control fishing, mineral extraction, oil and gas pulling, etc

example of internal boundary

can be the division between US states

voting district

a territorial division for casting votes in public elections, only those who live there can vote

redistricting

the process of drawing new boundaries for US congressional districts to reflect the population changes since the previous US census

gerrymandering

redrawing legislative lines to benefit the party in power

packing

concentrating all of the opposing party in one district

cracking

dividing opposing values into many districts, diluting their vote so it doesn’t take majority

majority - minority district

a voting district where 1 or more racial/ethnic minority groups make up over 50% of the population, purpose is to give minorities a better change to elect reps who represent them

2 political consequences of gerrymandering

• can strengthen or weaken the political voice of racial/ethnic group

• the party in control can manipulate boundaries to favor itself

unitary state

state where the power is in the hands of the central government

3 examples of a unitary state

france, Japan, UK, china, Norway, new zealand

3 positive impacts of a unitary state

• more connected state, all following the same laws, reduces inequality

• strong national identity, making a unified culture/political identity

• govs can pass laws and policies fast without negotiating with local govs

3 negative impacts of a unitary state

• the local needs can be ignored, gov may overlook them

• limited representation for regions, local govs have less autonomy

• can reduce checks on gov and create a corrupt gov

federal state

allocates power to units of local government, multinational states are diverse