DCUSH Chapter 20-21

Harding

“Return to Normalcy” (1920) Election ends reformist zeal of Progressive Era. Republican- Decline in union membership.

Teapot Dome

Albert Fall responsible for accepting 500,000 dollars for the leasing of government land in Teapot Dome to tap into oil reserves. 1st cabinet member to be found guilty of a felony.

Coolidge

Liked because of a booming economy. Andrew Mellon was Secretary of Treasury.

Supply Side Economics

Lower taxes, invest more money, economy grows, government will collect more tax money because there is a larger workforce.

Isolationism

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. US is safer and more prosperous if it stayed out of foreign affairs. Economically to entangled with Europe to be completely isolated.

Dawes Plan

Address Germany's inability to meet its World War I reparation payments. It aimed to restructure Germany's reparation obligations and provide the country with financial assistance to stabilize its economy. Britain and France can’t repay US, US will loan Germany money to repay Britain and France, Britain and France pay back USA.

Washington Conference

US invited 8 major countries to discuss disarmament→ resulted in 5 power naval limitation treaty (10 year halt on new warship construction).

Kellogg- Briand Pact

14 COuntry agreement that was a treaty to outlaw war all together.

Emergency Quota Act

Restricted annual immigration admission by ethnicity (evolves into National Origins Act).

National Origins Act

Set quotas at 2% of each national group. Favored immigrants from NW Europe instead of SE Europe.

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomo Vanzetti

Unskilled laborers who were both found guilty with a little amount of evidence → both died in an electric chair. Example of the undermining of liberties from the Red Scare.

New Industry

Automobiles were the backbone of economic growth, development of labor saving devices (vacuum and washer / dryer).

Quiet Depression

WW1 farmers could barely meet needs (no war = no demand).

Fordney-McCumber Act

(Harding) Act of 1922, raised tariffs. Congress tried to help but Coolidge vetoed bills. When tariffs are too high trade goes down.

Fundamentalism

Describe conservative Evangelical Protestants who supported the principles expounded in The Fundamentals.

Conservative

Averse to change or innovation and holding traditional values.

Radical

a person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform; a member of a political party or part of a party pursuing such aims.

Scopes Trial

(Fundamentalist) Tennessee rejected idea of evolution and passed a law forbidding it to be taught→ John T. Scopes challenged it and was found guilty.

Modernism

A cultural movement characterized by a rejection of traditional forms and a focus on innovation and experimentation in literature, art, and culture. Key characteristics include a break from tradition, experimentation with form and language, emphasis on individual perspective, urban focus, and cultural pluralism.

Flapper

Young women that were determined to change the view and roles of women.

Prohibition

(Fundamentalist) Movement that banned the sale of alcoholic beverages.

Volstead Act

Allowed the US treasury department to enforce prohibition→ created organized crime in the US.

Eugenics

A pseudo-science belief that human race could be improved by breeding. Believed in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon Race→ Tied to social darwinism.

Hays Code

Hollywood banned nudity and adultery, self censorship.

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem-Capital of black America as a result of Great Migration. Examples (Langston Hugh, Apollo Theatre).

Great Migration

Created a powerful black voting bloc.

NAACP

Advocated for equality and fought against segregation.

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalism, self reliance. Back to Africa movement

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

(Hoover) Made government credit available to banks and railroads which stimulated economic activity. Some banks and businesses were saved, but overall unsuccessful because the problem was with the demand not the supply.

Bonus Army

20000 WW1 veterans camped out at capital demanding immediate relief.

Equal Rights Amendments

Women were treated equally to men in work force (no more minimum wage / restrictions on overtime).

Causes of Great Depression

Over-speculation on real estate, wealth inequality, farmers’ depression, decline in European demand, stock market crash.

Fireside Chat

Explains complex issues in plain language.

Emergency Banking Act

Healthy banks only allowed to open under licenses from the treasury department.

Relief

Immediate financial relief→ money.

Recovery

Pump money into economy, priming temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand.

Reform

Permanent programs to avoid another depression and insure citizens against economic disaster.

New Deal

No unified program, influenced by progressives and intellectuals. Improvised series of relief and recovery programs.

Securities Act

(1st) Required companies that sold stocks to provide the truth to investors and created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Glass-Stegall Banking

(1st) Separated commercial banking from investment banking and creates the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

(1st) Offered unemployed young men ages 15-18 the opportunity to work for the forestry service.

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

(1st) Gave immediate help to individuals in the form of cash payments.

Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA)

(1st) Paid farmers not to raise certain livestock and grow certain crops to limit supply. Later ruled unconstitutional because government controlled supply.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

(1st) Set rules and regulation for economy (set prices and established minimum wage). Ruled unconstitutional.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

(1st) Get construction industry up and improve national infrastructure.

Tennessee Valley Authority

(1st) Built dams to establish irrigation and provide cheap hydroelectric power.

Huey Long

“Share the Wealth”- caps personal fortunes up to 50 million.

2nd New Deal

Strengthen commitment to create jobs, provide security through pensions, unemployment, and improve housing conditions.

John Maynard Keynes

In a depression economy, each government dollar spent has multiplier effect. Results in 2 to 3 dollars in GNP.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

(2nd) Prohibits unfair labor practices like threatening workers, firing union members, and interfering with union organizations. Remained constitutional.

Social Security Act (SSA)

(2nd) Old age insurance, unemployment compensation system

Rural Electrification Administration

(2nd) Funds provided for the installation of electrical system to isolated rural areas.

New Deal Coalition

Traditional-minded white Southern Democrats, big city political machines, (NEW) industrial workers of all races and trade unionists, black voters, and depression hit farmers.

Roosevelt Recession

Calls for reduction in federal deficit→ resulted in recession due to cuts in federal spending.

Schechter vs US

Rules NRA unconstitutional.

Butler vs USA

Rules AAA unconstitutional.

American Liberty League

A conservative political organization made up of businessmen and elites who opposed the New Deal believed that the New Deal measures violated the rights of individuals and their property. Once FDR won reelection in 1936, its activities will slow and it will permanently disband in 1940.

Socialism

Public ownership or control of means of production, with work and products shared.

Court Packing

Roosevelt’s plan to expand the membership of the U.S. Supreme Court. Roosevelt sought to add up to six additional justices to the Court, which already had nine members at the time. Significant due to its attempt to disrupt the balance of power and as a response to the new deal opposition. It’s failure solidified the credibility of the court.