SESSION 11

Monosaccharides

The simplest carbohydrates that serve as energy sources, varying by the number of carbon atoms.

Hydrophilic

Substances that dissolve in water, like carbohydrates due to their polar groups.

Carbonyl Group (C=O)

A functional group found in monosaccharides contributing to their hydrophilicity.

Hydroxyl Group (-OH)

A polar functional group present in carbohydrates contributing to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water.

Glycosidic Bond

A bond formed through a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides, resulting in the release of water.

Sucrose

A disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose through a glycosidic bond.

Maltose

A disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked by a glycosidic bond.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytosol, breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Cytosol

The liquid portion of the cytoplasm where glycolysis takes place.

Phosphofructokinase

An enzyme regulated by ATP levels that controls the rate of glycolysis.

Feedback Inhibition

A regulatory mechanism where high ATP levels inhibit glycolysis, resuming when ATP levels drop.

Autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own energy by using sunlight in photosynthesis to make sugars.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming carbohydrates produced by other organisms.

Cellular Respiration

The process that oxidizes glucose to release energy for ATP production.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy currency of the cell, produced during glycolysis.