A&P Chapter 1

Dr. Cain UNCC

What is Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body

What is Physiology

the function of the body (explains how the parts work and function)

What is the weight reference for a healthy male

155lbs

What is the weight reference for a healthy female

125lbs

What is the female sign for sex

XX

What is the male sign for sex

XY

What is Gross anatomy

study of parts of the body seen with the naked eye

What is another term for Gross Anatomy

Macroscopic anatomy

What is surface anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface (ex: locating veins)

What does Microscopic anatomy emphasize

cell organization and tissue

What is histology

the study of tissues

What is Developmental anatomy

changes in body structure from fertilization through old age.

What is Renal Physiology

the function of the kidneys and urine

What is the Principle of complementary of structure and function

The function of a certain body structure depends on its form

What is the organization of the body from smallest to largest?

organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism

Are body cells dependent or interdependent? Why?

Interdependent → they are each specialized to perform certain specific, limited functions rather than life-sustaining tasks

What is contractility

the muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening

What is excitability

the ability to sense & respond to stimuli

What is Metabolism

includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

What is anabolism

synthesizing more complex substances from simpler building blocks

What is catabolism

breaking down substances into simpler building blocks

What is Cellular Respiration

using nutrients & O2 to produce ATP

What is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

enery-rich molecules that power cellular activities

What is excretion

the processing of removing wastes from the body

What is the rule for Growth

constructive activities must happen faster than destructive ones

What are the main survival needs of cell systems

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, and Body temp/ atmospheric pressure control

What percentage of weight is water

50-60%

What is a normal body temp in C

37^o C

What is the Law of Mass Balance

in order to ensure that the total amount of a substance in the body remains constant, any gain of that substance in the body must be offset by an equal loss.

What are the 3 steps of cell communication

Receptor, Control Center, and Effector

In Homeostatic Communication, what is the Receptor

(the first component)- a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to stimuli by sending the message to the control center

In Homeostatic Communication, what is the Control Center

determines the set point- analyzes input by comparing with set point.

What is the Set point

the level (or range) at which a variable is to be maintained

In Homeostatic Communication, what is the Effector

carries out control center’s response to the stimulus; causes shift for homeostasis

What are Negative Feedback Mechanisms

most common control mechanism; net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity (opposite direction)

What is the Positive Feedback Mechanism

Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change. (childbirth or blood clotting)

What is the Feedforward Response

maintains homeostasis by taking action in anticipation of a change to the internal environment (smelling food prompts saliva production and hunger)

What is the Afferent pathway

enters the control center from the receptor

What is the Efferent pathway

leaves the control center to the effector

What is the Hypothalamus

homeostatic control center

what are the basic body functions

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and nervous systems

What is the Midsagittal plane

divides body into equal right and left parts

What is the Frontal plane

made parallel to body’s longitudinal axis

(anterior and posterior)

What is the transverse plane

perpendicular to the body’s longitudinal axis

(superior and inferior)

What is the Axial region of the body

the head, neck, and trunk

What is the appendicular region of the body

appendages or limbs attached to the body’s axis