Anatomy Final Exam

Anemia

Poor oxygen delivery, low RBC count, low hemoglobin concentration in RBC's

Myocardium

Cardiac muscle cells; branched/meshwork; intercalary discs slow action potentials that allow the heart to contract

Endocardium

Lines the inside of the heart; elastic and collagenous fibers

Visceral Pericardium (epicardium)

Serous membrane on the outer surface of the heart

Parietal Pericardium

Serous membrane that contributes to the pericardial sacP

Pericardial Sac

Sac filled with serous fluid to keep the heart from sticking to surroundings

Cardiac Tamponade

Pericardial cavity fills with blood, eventually crushing the heart

'lubb' sound

Atrioventricular valves closing shut; first

'dubb' sound

Semilunar valves closing shut; second

Heart murmur

Mechanical failure of a heart valve; blood regurgitating through a valve

Systole

Contraction of the myocardium

Diastole

Relaxation of the myocardium

SA node

Located on the medial wall of the right atrium; "pacemaker" cells are responsible for heart rate

AV node

Located at the junction between the atria and ventricles; connected to the SA node

AV bundles (Bundle of His)

Runs from the AV node through the interventricular septum; purkinje fibers branch out into ventricular walls

Embolous

Drifting clot in the circulation

Embolism

Blockage due to a clot

Coronary Ischemia

Restricted blood supply to myocardium

Myocardial infarction

Localized cell death in the myocardium; heart attack

Bradycardia

Slower than normal heart rate

Tachycardia

Faster than normal heart rate

Hepatic Portal Vein

Superior mesenteric v. + Splenic v.

Arteriosclerosis

Abnormal thickening/rigidity of arteries

Aneurysm

Bulge in weakened arterial wall

CVA

Stroke

Varicose Veins

Veins swollen/distorted by valve failure

Hemorrhoids

Varicose veins of the rectum and anus

Caput Medusae

Varicose Veins on abdominal wall, blood can't go back to liver

Lymphatic System

Maintains osmotic balance in peripheral tissues; production, maintenance, distribution of lymphocytes; return interstitial fluid from tissues to the blood

Edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in peripheral tissues; fluid build up that swells; due to valve failure in lymphatic system

Nasopharynx

Space posterior to nasal cavity and above the soft palate

Oropharynx

Space below the soft palate and above the hyoid bone

Laryngopharynx

Space below the hyoid bone and above the glottis

Arytenoid Cartilage

Anchor for vocal ligaments

Corniculate Cartilage

Anchor for vestibular ligaments

Alveoli

Sight of gas exchange in the lungs

Surfactant

Reduces surface tension on alveoli; prevents alveolar walls from sticking together

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Premature babies don't produce enough surfactant causing alveolar collapse

Mediastinum

Central partition of the thoracic cavity

Visceral Pleura

Serous membrane on lung surface

Parietal Pleura

Serous membrane lining pleural cavity

Pneumothorax

Air enters pleural cavity, serous fluid can no longer maintain pleural contact, lungs collapse

Empysema

Destruction of alveoli, loss of surface area for gas exchange, shortness of breath. COPD- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Pulmonary Emolism

Blood clot in the lungs

Contraction of the diaphragm

Inspiration; diaphragm flattens, compresses abdominal contents; pressure decreases and air is pulled in

Mechanical Processing

Mastication, churning by the stomach, segmentation in the small intestine

Foregut

Mouth and salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, liver gallbladder and pancreas

Midgut

Jejunum and Ileum

Hindgut

Colon, Rectum, part of anus

Ankyloglossia

Tongue too tightly bound to the floor of mouth

Incisor

Tooth with one root, blade-shaped cusp

Canines (Cuspids)

Tooth with one root, conical pointed cusp

Premolars (bicuspids)

Tooth with 1-2 roots, blade like cusps

Molars

Tooth with 3-4 roots, large flattened crown

Deciduous teeth

Baby teeth

Mandibular Tori

Bone growth medially on the inside of the mandible

Mucosa

Innermost tunic of the gut; mucous membrane; secretes mucus to protect gut lining

Submucosa

Second innermost tunic of the gut; holds majority of larger vessels; highly vascular and absorbs nutrients; exocrine glands secrete enzymes

Muscularis

Tunic of the gut with two muscle layers; circular muscles (inner) and longitudinal muscles (outer) to decrease and increase diameter and length of gut

Serosa

Outermost tunic of the gut; serous membrane; visceral peritoneum

Meissner's plexus of ANS fibers

Plexus in submucosa that controls the secretions of the submucosal glands

Myenteric plexus of ANS fibers

Plexus in muscularis tunic that controls peristalsis and segmentation of chyme

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder

Cholelithiasis

Presence of gallstones in the gallbladder

Cirrhosis (hepatitis)

Destruction of hepatocytes that doesn't allow the liver to function properly

Hepatic portal hypertension

Blockage that causes hepatic vessels to well due to blood back up; blood doesn't enter the liver properly

Intraperitoneal

Organs inside of the peritoneal cavity, suspended by mesentery (free moving)

Secondary Retroperitoneal

Organs that started as intraperitoneal and are now retroperitoneal

Retroperitoneal

Organs that are outside of the peritoneal cavity (Stationary)

Parietal Peritoneum

Epithelium that lines the lines the entire peritoneal cavity

Visceral Peritoneum

Epithelium that covers the viscera in the peritoneal cavity

Mesentery proper

Mesentery that encloses the jejunum and ileum

Mesocolon

Mesentery that suspends the transverse and sigmoid colon

Lesser omentum

Mesentery between the stomach and liver

Greater omentum

Mesentery that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach; fat storage and localization of infection

Coronary ligament

Connective tissue that suspends the liver from the diaphragm

Falciform Ligament

Ligament between the liver and abdominal wall; contains ligamentum venosum

Glomerulus

Where do you lose 99% of fluid in blood flow through the kidneys?

Peritubular Capillaries

Where do you gain fluid back in blood flow through the kidneys?

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney

Podocytes

Specialized cells in the glomerulus that regulate pedicles, which open and close depending on osmotic pressure in blood

Pyelogram

X-ray image of kidneys; use an injection of radiopaque dye

Urinalysis

Physical and chemical assessment of urine

Nephrolithiasis

Renal Calculi or kidney stones, cause blockage in ureters

Diuretics

Drugs that promote fluid loss in urine (ex: ethanol)

Hematuria

Blood loss in urine; usually due to glomerular damage

Proteinuria

Protein loss in urine; usually due to glomerular damage

Dysuria

Painful urination; usually associated with STDs

Pelvic girdle

Bony rim of the pelvis compiled of ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx

Pelvic Diaphragm

Skeletal muscle at the floor of the pelvis; supports pelvic organs, controlled by Pudendal nerve

Hemotumescent

Erectile, can fill with blood

Tunica vaginalis

Serous membrane on testes

Tunica albuginea

Connective tissue on testes

Ectopic Pregnancy

Pregnancy outside of the uterus

Perimetrium

Serous membrane around the uterus

Mesometrium

Mesentery of the uterus

Mesosalpinx

Mesentery of the uterine tubes

Mesovarium

Mesentery of the ovaries

Broad Ligament

Mesometrium + mesosalpinx + mesovarium

Prolapse of uterus

Uterus descends/protrudes from the pelvic cavity