BIO 220 Ch 9 Joints

Joints (articulations)

• Where 2 bones meet
• Where body movement can occur

A tradeoff exists between \_______ and mobility

strength

2 Joint classification schemes

• Structural
• Functional (range of motion)

Joint structure determines \_________

function

Structural classifications - based on their \__________ structure

histological

Structural classifications
• \________ (skull sutures)
• \_____________ (pubic symphysis)
• Bony
• Synovial

Fibrous, Cartilaginous

Functional classifications - \________ of motion

range

Functional classifications
• \____________ (immovable joint)
• Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint)
• \___________ (freely movable joint)

Synarthrosis, Diarthrosis

Synarthrosis (\__________ joint)

immovable

Synarthrosis (immovable joint)
• Very \_______
• Edges of bones may touch or interlock
• May be \_______ or \________
• Four types of synarthrotic joints

strong, fibrous, cartilaginous

Four types of synarthrotic joints

- Suture
- Gomphosis
- Synchondrosis
- Synostosis

Suture - Found only between bones of skull
- Edges of bone \_________
- Bound by dense \_______ connective tissue

interlock, fibrous

Gomphosis - Binds \_______ to bony sockets
- \________ connection (periodontal ligament)

teeth, Fibrous

Synchondrosis • Rigid \_________ bridge between 2 bones
- found between \_____________ ribs and sternum
- also, epiphyseal cartilage of growing long bones

cartilaginous, vertebrosternal

Synostosis • Created when 2 bones \______
- EX: epiphyseal lines of mature long bones

fuse

Amphiarthrosis (\_______ \______ joints)

slightly movable

Amphiarthrosis types

Syndesmosis and Symphysis

Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joints)
• More movable than \____________
• Stronger than \________
• May be fibrous or \___________

synarthrosis, diarthrosis, fibrous, cartilaginous

Syndesmosis - (\__________ that connect 2 bones but limit their motion)
- Interosseous membranes: - Between the \______ and ulna
- Between the \_____ and fibula

ligaments, radius, tibia

Symphysis (bones are separated by a wedge or pad of \________)
• Between the \_______ bones of the 2 coxal bones
• Between bodies of \_________

cartilage, pubic, vertebrae

Diarthrosis (\_______ \________ joint)

freely movable

Diarthrosis type

synovial joints (diarthroses)

Synovial joints (diarthroses)
• Freely \_______ joints
• At ends of \_____ bones

movable, long

Synovial fluid from synovial membrane fills \____ cavity

joint

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers \_________ surfaces
- Prevents \_______ contact between bones

articulating, direct

Synovial fluid • Has the consistency of egg yolk
• Primary functions: - \___________ - Nutrient \_________ - Shock \___________

Lubrication, distribution, absorption

Synovial joints are mobile but relatively \_______

weak

Factors that stabilize synovial joints • Prevent injury by limiting range of motion
- collagen \______ of joint capsule and ligaments
- shapes of articulating surfaces and menisci
- Other bones, muscles, or fat pads
- \_________ attached to articulating bones

fibers, Tendons

Synovial Joints stabilized by accessory structures:

Tendons, Bursae, Cartilages, Fat Pads, and Ligaments

Tendons

Attach to muscles around joint

Bursae • Small pockets of synovial \_______
• Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments \____ against other tissues

fluid, rub

Cartilages • Meniscus—\___________ pad between opposing bones

fibrocartilage

Fat pads • Adipose tissue covered by \_________ membrane
• Protect \___________ cartilages

synovial, articular

Ligaments • Support and strengthen \______
• Sprain—ligament with torn \___________ fibers

joints, collagen

Movements are described in terms that reflect the
·Plane or direction of \________
·Relationship between \__________

movement, structures

Planes of movement

Monaxial, Biasxial, Triaxial

Monaxial

1 plane (e.g., elbow)

Biaxial

2 planes (e.g., wrist)

Triaxial

3 planes (e.g., shoulder)

Angular movement - \________ and \________ are movements in the anterior-posterior plane

Flexion, extension

Angular movement types

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

Flexion

Decreases angle between articulating bones

Extension

Increases angle between articulating bones

Hyperextension

Extension past anatomical position

Abduction and adduction are movements in the \_______ plane

frontal

Abduction

Movement away from longitudinal axis

Adduction

Movement toward longitudinal axis

Circumduction

A complete circular movement without rotation

Rotational movement - Rotation in reference to \_______ position
- Example: left or right rotation of head
• Limb rotation is relative to \_________ axis of body

anatomical, longitudinal

Rotational movement types

medial, lateral, protonation, and supination

Medial rotation

(internal rotation toward long axis)

Lateral rotation

(external rotation away from body)

Protonation • Rotates forearm so that radius rolls across ulna
• Results in palm facing \________

posteriorly

Supination • Turns palm \________
• Forearm is supinated in anatomical position

anteriorly

Special movement types

inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition, reposition, protraction, retraction, depression, elevation, and lateral flexion

Inversion

Twists sole of foot medially

Eversion

Twists sole of foot laterally

Dorsiflexion

Flexion at ankle (lifting toes)

Plantar flexion

Extension at ankle (pointing toes)

Opposition

Movement of thumb toward palm or other fingers

Reposition

Opposite of opposition

Protraction

Anterior movement in horizontal plane (forward)

Retraction

Opposite of protraction (pulling back)

Depression

Moving a structure inferiorly (down)

Elevation

Moving a structure superiorly (up)

Lateral flexion

Bending vertebral column to the side

Temperomandibular Joint (TMJ) - Consists of the condylar process of the \_______ and the mandibular fossa of the \________ bone

mandible, temporal

Stylomandibular ligament - Connects the tips of the styloid \_________ to angle of mandible

processes

Lateral ligament - Connects zygomatic arch to the mandibular \_________

condyle

Sphenomandibular ligament - Connects the sphenoidal spine to the medial side of the \_______

ramus

Intervertebral joints • First two \________ vertebrae are joined by a synovial joint
• Synovial joints lie between adjacent \________ processes
• Adjacent vertebral bodies form \________

cervical, articular, symphyses

Intervertebral disc • Separates vertebral \_______
• Anulus fibrosus
• Nucleus pulposus
• Vertebral end plates of cartilage

bodies

Anulus fibrosus - Tough outer layer of \_________ - \________ disc to vertebrae

fibrocartilage, Attaches

Nucleus pulposus - Elastic, gelatinous core - Absorbs \_______

shocks

Vertebral end plates of cartilage - Cover superior and inferior surfaces of \_____

disc

Damage to intervertebral discs

Bulging disc and Herniated disc

Bulging disc - Bulge in \_______ \______ - Invades vertebral \_______

anulus fibrosus, canal

Herniated disc - Nucleus pulposus breaks through \_______ \______
- Compresses spinal \_______

anulus fibrosus, nerves

Ligamenta flava - Connect \______ of adjacent vertebrae

laminae

Posterior longitudinal ligament - Connects \________ surfaces of vertebral bodies

posterior

Anterior longitudinal ligament - Connects \_________ surfaces of vertebral bodies

anterior

Interspinous ligaments - Connect \________ processes of adjacent vertebrae

spinous

Supraspinous ligament - Connects \____ of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)

tips

Sternoclavicular Joint contains

Sternoclavicular ligament and Interclavicular ligament

Sternoclavicular ligament (Anterior & Posterior) - Connects clavicle to the \_______ - Anterior and posterior ligaments

manubrium

Interclavicular ligament - Interconnects the \_________

clavicles

Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)
• Ball-and-socket \_________
• Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of \______
• Greatest \_______ of motion of any joint
• Most frequently \________ joint
• Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments

diarthrosis, scapula, range, dislocated

Joint capsule and joint cavity of shoulder

Glenoid labrum and Acromion and coracoid process of scapula

Glenoid labrum - \____ of fibrocartilage
- Extends beyond bony rim and deepens socket of \______ cavity

Rim, glenoid

Acromion and coracoid process of scapula
- Project laterally, superior to humerus
- Help stabilize the \______

joint

Shoulder ligaments

Acromioclavicular, Coracoclavicular, Coraco-acromial, Coracohumeral, and Glenohumeral

Acromioclavicular

Connects the clavicle to the acromion

Coracoclavicular

Connects the clavicle to the coracoid process

Coraco-acromial

Makes a connection between the coracoid process and the acromion

Coracohumeral

Connects head of humerus to the coracoid process

Glenohumeral

Connects humerus to the glenoid cavity

Shoulder separation • Partial (subluxation) or complete dislocation (luxation) of \_________ joint

acromioclavicular

Elbow joint • Articulations involve \_______, radius, and ulna

humerus

2 Joints of the elbow

Humero-ulnar joint and Humeroradial joint

1. Humero-ulnar joint • Largest, strongest joint at \_____
• Between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
• \________ movement (hinge joint)

elbow, Limited