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What were the main divisions in Italy in the 1300?
Florence, Rome (Papal state), Naples, Sicily
Who ruled over Naples and Sicily during the fifteenth century?
Spain
Where was wealth concentrated in the 1400
In the north, due to mercantile economies, as apposed to the agrarian south
What does pietra forte indicate about Florence's style?
- this stone creates an effect of heaviness and impregnability, though an additional appeal must have lain in the fact that it had a local source. This made the stone cheaper to acquire and transport, and it distinguished the look of Florentine buildings
How does Florence's architecture differ to Venice's?
- Venice, by contrast, favored a colorful architecture
comprising imported stones.
How was Italy mostly ruled?
signorie (literally, "lordships"). Those such as Venice, Bologna, Genoa, Florence, Siena, and Pisa, with elected councils, were called comuni (roughly, "commonwealths"). Most signorie were in the north, and many had become autocracies only after an earlier communal government had failed
How was art important to the signorie?
Campione's sculpture for Cansignorio
> its primary function was to generate
an image of the local lord (signore) that would last well
after his death. (And depict him in a more positive light than he might as been in life)
Murals
> exhortative function
> they showed the city as it would look if the Nine ruled
well, and the scenes contrasted this well-run city with its
corrupt opposite
What did Ghiberti mean when citing "the Greek style"
The Byzantine tradition
How did the new mendicant order shape the church's role in society?
New Mendicant order (Dominicans and Franciscans) sought to make the teachings of the church more accessible and relevant to the ordinary people of Europe
-> took vows of poverty
What were some radical characteristics of Giotto's artworks?
- setting God symbolically apart from the conditions of time, space, and matter
- his extraordinary command of pictorial illusionism
- In contrast to Byzantine painters, who
generally sought to preserve the integrity of the human
body, Giotto sometimes shows us only parts of figures,
cropped by the frame or eclipsed by other people as they would be if the scene were unfolding in reality.
How did Duccio advance artistic style in the 14th century?
- the visual splendor of precious materials (gold and ultramarine — the blue pigment made
from ground lapis lazuli) given form by human skill.
- showed off his skill by tooling the gilded
surfaces to suggest embossed or chased metal; he also
applied paint over gold and then worked it with a sharp
point to suggest precious damask
- His handling pigments showed his command of the principles of light/dark modeling, though unlike Giotto, who pursued strongly volumetric effects in his figures, Duccio emphasized the picture surface by a constant overall play of elegant pattern
- beautiful flowing lines as a trademark
- rendering pictorial space
