HIV/AIDS MIDTERM 1

What is the name of a segment of DNA that holds the information to make a single protein?

Gene

Where in the cell can you find proteins?

All of the above

-cytoplasm

-membrane

-nucleus

DNA is _______ into _______ , which is then _______ into _______.

transcribed; mRNA; translated; protein

Where in the cell can you find the DNA 

Nucleus

While the DNA in all our cells is the same, each cell type express only a subset of genes

True

What is the name of the process by which one molecule of DNA is copied into two?

Replication

Where in the cell is mRNA transcribed?

Nucleus

What do you call a protein that binds to a receptor?

Ligand

What is a mutation?

A mutation is a change in the sequence of the DNA

What is the role of the Ribosome?

Translate mRNA to protein

Which enzyme is responsible for the DNA in our cells?

DNA Polymerase

Which of the following is correct about proteins?

All of the above

-enzymes are proteins

-proteins are polymers

-proteins have diverse functions

-receptors are proteins

Which of the following is correct about DNA?

DNA is a polymer

DNA is very stable

DNA forma a double helix

Where is the cell is mRNA translated?

Ribosome

Which is true about receptors?

Are usually found in the cell membrane

Are used by the immune system to detect danger

Are used by viruses to enter cells

A mutation in the DNA can affect the function of a protein

True

What is true about mutations?

Mutations SOMETIMES change the fitness of an organism

What is R0, and can it be changed by public health interventions?

The number of people INFECTED (on average) by an infected person. CANNOT be changed by public health interventions

Prior to rise of “Germ Theory,” epidemics were thought to be caused by

Immoral behavior

Punishment from the Gods

Foreigners

Which of the following is needed to sustain an epidemic?

A replenishing pool of susceptible individuals

A large population size

An infectious agent

Naked viruses can be decontaminated by soap while enveloped viruses require harsher chemicals.

False

What was unique about the 1918 influenza pandemic, compared to seasonal influenza?

Usually lethal

Disproportionally affected young adults

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the viral life cycle?

Immunity

In what ways do viruses defy the central dogma?

Make RNA from RNA

Make DNA for RNA

of the three of Polio virus (PV1, PV2, and PV3) how many have been eradicated?

2

What is the most effective way to prevent influenza related deaths?

Vaccination

What is a virion?

A physical virus particle

Why during COVID there where almost no influenza cases detected?

Lock-downs, masks, and social distancing

The genetic material of all viruses is RNA

False

What are Koch postulates?

A set of rules to determine if a disease is caused by a pathogen

Which three pathogens cause the most death in human history?

Smallpox

Plague

Measles

What do all viruses have in common?

They only grow inside living cells

They do not have their own ribosomes

Why is it hard to create antiviral medicines?

Viruses use the host machinery for replication

Rapid evolution

What are the reasons for the high genetic diversity exhibited by viruses?

High mutation rate

Large population size

Short generation time

Do viruses infect other viruses?

True

The genetic material of all viruses is DNA

False

Even though Polio has been circulating in the human population since pre-historic times, it only became an epidemic in the early 195’0s. Why?

Due to improved sanitation

Which cells are responsible to coordinate the adaptive immune response?

CD4 T-cells

Which of the following is a layer of the immune system?

Adaptive immunity

Physical barriers

Innate immunity

Which system in our bodies allow a single APC to find the right CD4 cell?

Lymph

The innate immune system uses ______ to detect ______

PRRs; PAMPs

Which of the following are “weapons” of the innate immune system

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

Vaccines are often approved after minimal testing in humans

False

Which of the following is correct

An APC presents an antigen to a CD4 cell

How many countries are still endemic to Polio (still have wild Polio virus circulating in them)?

2

Which of the following is an entry route for pathogens?

Anus

Broken skin

Eyes

What are the three main types of vaccines?

A part of a pathogen

A weakened pathogen

A whole killed pathogen

Both T-cell receptors and antibodies are generated by combinatorial diversity

True

Memory cells are short lived cells that die once the infection is cleared

False

Some vaccines protect from cancer

True

Which works faster

The innate immune system

Which of the following is a cell type of the adaptive immune system?

T cell

B cell

Which of the following is correct

The adaptive immune system is SPECIFIC to any given pathogen

The innate immune system is NOT SPECIFIC to any given pathogen

What is herd immunity?

When a pathogen has a hard time finding susceptible hosts due to immunity in the population

Which of these defies the central dogma?

Both

Chose all the correct answers

A NAT test uses PCR to quantify how many VIRAL GENOMES are in the blood

An ELISA test checks for the presence of HIV ANTIBODIES in the blood

One integrated into the hast genome, the viral genome can never get back out

True

Which vaccine approach is better able to activate the immune system?

Live-attended vaccines

Which of the following is a PAMP?

Lipopeptide

Flaggelin

Which of the following pathogens have approved vaccines

Measles

Influenza

Polio

Influenza pandemics are always more lethal that seasonal flu

False

How does the mutation that confers resistance to amantadine changes the fitness of Influenza?

Increases the fitness

Which part of the cell contains and protects the DNA?

Nucleus