Clinical psychology - unit 9

DSM-5

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

the three Ds

deviant, distressful, dysfunctional

deviant, distressful, dysfunctional

Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is

deviant behavior

when a person fails to follow social norms. Some are considered criminal, others merely harmless.

dysfunctional behavior

disturbances in a person's thinking, emotional regulation, or behavior that reflects significant dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

distressing behavior

leads to real discomfort/anguish/suffering, either in the person directly or in others

medical model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital (medication, surgery)

strengths and weaknesses of medical model

strength

Effective in finding research-based solutions

weakness

Most psychological problems aren't diseases. Treatments only solve symptoms.

biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

strengths and weaknesses of the biopsychosocial model

Includes wide spectrum of psychological conditions and social elements

Promotes the mind-body connection

weakness

Framework is too broad & complicated

Elements are subjective rather than measurable

Rosenhan Study

Study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound

communication disorders

Disorders characterized by marked impairment in language and/or speech.

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Specific Learning Disability

a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations

neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Delusions

false beliefs

delusions of reference

Delusions of reference: belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual

disorganized thinking

disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

seasonal affective disorder

depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

Phobias

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

agoraphobia

An abnormal fear of open or public places

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

paranoid disorder

this disorder is characterized the irrational suspicion of others

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

borderline personality disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration

Modality

method of treatment

individual therapy

treatment modality in which the client and clinician meet one-on-one

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Neo-Freudian psychodynamic therapies

Therapies for mental disorder that were developed by psychodynamic theorists who embraced some of Freud's ideas but disagreed with others.

Neo-psychoanalytic Theory

They focus on themes across important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist relationship. Rather than lying on a couch, out of the therapist's line of vision, patients meet with their therapist face to face. They do not focus on the id, ego, superego.

insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Humanist Psychology

a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential

Carl Rogers

1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

behavioral psychology

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

Mary Cover Jones

"mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Joseph Wolpe

described use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias

progressive relaxation

lying down comfortably and tensing and releasing the tension in each major muscle group in turn

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

token economies

a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Aaron Beck's Therapy for Depression

gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking and then to persuade people to remove the dark glasses through which they view life

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

sociocultural perspective

perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture

cultural competence

the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

anti-psychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

Chlorpromazine

a drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors

Risperidone

atypical antipsychotic

tardvie dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs

anti-anxiety drugs

drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers

Xanax

anti-anxiety drug

Ativan

anti-anxiety drug

anti-depressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

Prozac (fluoxetine)

Antidepressant

Zoloft

Antidepressant

Paxil

Antidepressant

mood stabilizers

drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders

Lithium

mood stabilizer

Noncompliance

An informed decision on the part of the patient not to adhere to or follow a therapeutic plan or suggestion.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A more controversial brain manipulation occurring through shock treatment

lobotomy

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.