KPER 1500 Chap 4

What are the Calvaria parts of the Skull?

• Frontal (forehead, frontal bone)

• Parietal (both back sides of the head, it’s a flat bone)

• Sphenoid (dont worry)

• Temporal (near the ears)

• Occipital (very back of your head)

What are the Facial bones of the Skull?

• Lacrimal (dont worry)

• Nasal (nose bone)

• Maxilla (bottom of your nose, mustache region)

• Zygomatic (cheek bones, dont worry)

• Mandible (jaw)

What are the Facial Muscles?

• Orbicularis oculi (around the eye, of the eye, ability to blink, to wink, etc)

• Orbicularis oris (oral, of the mouth, pucker our lips, keeping lips shut)

What are the parts in the Back Region?

• Vertebral Column

• Ribs and Sternum

• Neck and Back muscles

• Abdominal muscles

What is the Vertebral column made up of?

made up of 33 vertebrae

Describe the Vertebral Column

• 7 cervical vertebrae (neck)

  • of the neck

• 12 thoracic vertebrae (chest)

  • of the thorax, where the rib cage is, where ribs are attached to

• 5 lumbar vertebrae

  • L for low back, L1 to L5

• 1 sacrum

  • 5 fused vertebrae (midline region of buttocks)

  • the dimples on your back

• 1 coccyx

  • 3 or 4 fused vertebrae (tail bone)

What are Intervertebral discs?

absorb shock along the vertebral column

What’s the reason you hear C1 and T4 or L3

the letter means what part of vertebrae and the number means which one it is (each vertebrae has a number of them)

What does the Ribs and Sternum made up of?

12 pairs of ribs

Describe the Rib

• 1 to 7 = True ribs

  • all directly attached to the sternum

• 8-10 = False Ribs

  • aren’t attached to the sternum

  • attached to other True ribs to connect indirectly to the sternum

• 11-12 = Floating ribs

  • 2 pairs of ribs that attach only to the vertebral column

  • chilling ribs

Describe the Sternum

= breastbone

• Manubrium

• Sternal body

• Xiphoid process

What does Atlas mean?

It’s the first vertebrae where the head sits on (C1)

What is Axis?

C2 portion of the cervical vertebra

How do we maintain our head looking straight ahead?

The muscles posterior, lateral, and anterior to the neck or cervical region

On the Anterior part of our Neck and Back muscles, what muscle is there?

Sternocleidomastoid

Describe Sternocleidomastoid

attached to your sternum (Sterno), clavicle (Cleido) and mastoid = behind ear

On the Posterior part of our Neck and back muscles, what muscle is there?

Erector Spinae

Describe Erector spinae

group of muscles

• keep us upright

• muscle mass that helps you maintain your upright posture

• they do spinal extension

Describe the Abdominal Muscle

• Attach

  • Posteriorly: vertebral column, ribs, and hip bone

What is this?

Linea alba (anteriorly)

• a thin band of connective tissue that runs down the front of your abdomen.

• It separates the left and right sides of your rectus abdominis

What are the different parts of the Abdominal muscles

• External oblique

• Internal oblique

• Rectus Abdominis, Transversus abdominis

Describe the External Oblique

• fibers come down on an angle (fingers in your pocket)

• helps with rotation, lateral bending, flex spine forward

Describe the Internal Oblique

• helps external oblique,

• underneath the external oblique,

• important to keep our rib cage down

Describe the Rectus Abdominis

• cube looking muscle,

• our abs,

• attaches to zyphoid to the pubic bone to cause flexion

Describe the Transversus Abdominis

it hold our guts in

What does Abdominis mean?

it’s to lock our stability (our score)

What is in the Appendicular Skeleton?

• Pectoral Girdle

• Scapulohumeral Region

• Upper Limb

• Pelvic Girdle

• Lower Limb

Describe the Pectoral Girdle

• Suspends the upper limb away from the chest wall

• Enables a great range of movement

What are the Bones of the Pectoral Girdle?

• Clavicle (Collar bone)

• Scapula (Shoulder blade)

What are the Anterior Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle?

• Pectoralis major

• Pectoralis minor

• Serratus anterior

Describe the Pectoralis Major

• (attaching to the clavicle, sternum and the ribs, comes out and gets attached to your humerus (arm bone))

  • will do shoulder flexion

  • adduct (adduction) to the midline (chest fly workout)

  • will do medial rotation

Describe the Pectoralis Minor

goes from the scapula, pulls it forward

Describe the Serratus Anterior

serratus (sawlike) attaches from your scapula to your rib cage

Word for pulling your scapula forward is?

Protract

What are the Posterior Muscles of the Appendicular Skeleton?

• Trapezius

• Latissimus Dorsi

• Levator Scapulae

• Rhomboid Major and Minor

Describe Trapezius

• runs from your spine to your clavicle and then scapula

  • upper ___, upper fibers shorten, it will cause us to shrug our shoulders (elevates the shoulders)

  • middle ____, retract, pull backwards

  • lower ___, depress the scapula, pull the scapula down

Describe the Latissimus Dorsi

• lat pull down

• seating row

• will extend, adduct and medial rotates

Describe the Levator Scapulae

• elevates our scapula

• scapula to our vertebrae

Describe the Rhomboid Major and Minor

they both do similar retraction

What are the Joints in the Appendicular Skeleton

• Sternoclavicular

  • between our sternum to our clavicle

• Acromioclavicular Joint

  • a joint in the shoulder where two bones meet

Describe the Scapulohumeral Region

Rotator cuff muscles (also known as SITS muscles)

What are the SITS muscles in the Scapulohumeral Region

• Supraspinatus (Ab = abduction)

• Infraspinatus (Ex = externally rotate)

• Teres Minor (Ex = externally rotate)

• Subscapularis (In = internally rotate)

Which muscles are in the Superior and Posterior part of the Scapulohumeral Region?

• Supraspinatus

• Infraspinatus

• Teres minor

What are the Anterior muscles of the Scapulohumeral Region?

Subscapularis

What are the Lateral muscles of the Scapulohumeral Region?

• Deltoid

• Anterior fibres: does shoulder flexion, internal rotation

• Middle fibres: does abduction, supraspinatus initiates the movement

• Posterior fibres: shoulder extension, external rotation

What are the Upper Limbs?

• Arm: shoulder to elbow

  +

• Forearm: elbow to wrist

  +

• Wrist

  +

• Hand

What are the Bones in the Upper Limb

• Arm (shoulder to elbow)

  • Humerus

• Forearm elbow to wrist)

  • Jointed by a sheet of fibrous tissue (interosseous membrane)

• Radius: side of the thumb

  • Ulna: towards the midline

What are the Bones after the forearm?

• Wrist (carpus)

  • 2 rows x 4 bones

    • 8 carpals

What is in the Proximal row of the wrist?

• Scaphoid

• Lunate

• Triquetrum

• Pisiform

What are the Distal row of the wrist?

• Trapezium (by the thumb)

• Trapezoid

• Capitate

• Hamate

What is a good way to remember the Wrist bones?

Lateral to Medial

• She - Scaphoid

• Likes - Lunate

• To - Triquetrum

• Play - Pisiform

• Try - Trapezium

• To - Trapezoid

• Catch - Capitate

• Her - Hamate

What are the Bones in the hands?

• 5 metacarpals join distal wrist row (meta = beyond)

• 14 phalanges (i.e., digits) join metacarpals

  • 3 phalanges per finger (proximal, middle, distal)

  • 2 phalanges per thumb (proximal, distal)

What are the muscles of the Upper limb

• primarily flexors or extensors

  • Flexors = anterior

  • Extensors = posterior

What are the Anterior Arm muscles?

• Coracobrachialis

• Biceps brachii

Describe the Coracobrachialis

muscle that goes from the scapula to the mid humerus

Describe the Biceps Brachii

• Biceps go down the radius

• it will supinate the forearm

• causes flexion at the elbow and shoulder

What are the different parts in the Biceps brachii

• Long head

• Short head

• Brachialis

  • (goes from your humerus to your ulna)

  • causes elbow flexion

What are the Posterior Arm muscles?

Triceps Brachii

Describe the Triceps Brachii

• Medial head

  • attaches to the humerus

• Lateral head

  • attahces to the humerus

• Long head

  • Attaches to the scapula

• goes down to the ulna called the

  • does elbow extension and shoulder extension

Describe the Forearm muscles

• Flexor-pronator group

• Extension-supinator group

Describe the Hand muscles

• Thenar (palm) group

  • Abducts thumb and its metacarpal

  • Flexes and opposes thumb tip to four remaining digits

• Hypothenar group

  • Acts on little finger and its metacarpal

• Together they allow to cup hand as in holding a ball

What are the muscles between the fingers?

• Interossei muscles

• Lumbrical muscles

What are the Different Joints of the Upper limb?

• Shoulder joint

• Elbow joint

• Wrist joints

• Hands joints

Describe the Shoulder joint

Glenohumeral

Describe the Elbow joint

• Humeroradial (humeros to radius)

• Humeroulnar (humeros to ulna)

• Radioulnar Joint (radius and ulna)

Describe the Wrist joints

• Radiocarpal (radius and carpal)

• Intercarpal, carpometacarpal, and intermetacarpal

• 1st carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and thumb metacarpal

Describe the Hand Joints

• Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) = our knuckles

• Interphalangeal joints = between 2 phalanges

Describe the Pelvic Girdle

• Weight bearer

• Supports bladder and abdominal contents

• Sacrifices mobility for stability and strength

What are the bones of the Pelvic Girdle

• Paired hip bones

  • 2 Innominate bones (on your hips)

• Each made up of:

  • Ilium: side

  • Pubis: front

  • Ischium: back

• Acetabulum: all 3 bones that make up

  • Makes a cup

Describe the muscles of the Pelvic Girdle

• Permit a wide range of movement in the lower limb

• Hip = ball and socket joint

• Prime focus = stability and transfer of weight for walking

• More limited than at the shoulder joint

What are the Anterior muscles of the Pelvic girdle

Iliopsoas (hip flexors)

• Formed by:

  • Psoas major

  • Iliacus

What are the Posterior and Lateral muscles of the Pelvic girdle?

Gluteal muscles (hip abductors)

• Gluteus maximus (powerful hip extensor)

  • goes down to your iliotibial band

• Gluteus medius (on top) and minimus (bottom)

What are the Joints of the Pelvic Girdle?

• Pubic Symphysis (where the 2 pubic bones come together)

  • cardilagenous joint

• Sacroiliac (between sacrum and ilium)

  • compound joint: part fibrous joint, part synovial joint

Describe the Lower limb

• Thigh: hip to knee

• +

• Leg: knee to ankle

• +

• Ankle

• +

• Foot

What are the bones in the Lower limb

• Thigh

• Leg

• Ankle

• Foot

Describe the Thigh Bones

• Femur

• Patella is the knee cap

What are the Leg bones

• TIbia (shin bone)

• Fibula

• Medial malleolus

• Lateral malleolus

Describe the Ankle bones

Tarsus (tarsal bones)

• Talus (top)

• Cuboid (lateral side of your foot)

• Navicular (in front of talus)

• 3rd (lateral) cuneiform

• 2nd (intermediate) cuneiform

• 1st (medial) cuneiform

Describe the Foot bones

• 5 metatarsals (middle of our foot)

• 14 phalanges (toes)

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What are the Anterior Thigh Muscles?

• Quadriceps femoris (knee extensors)

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus intermedius

• Vastus medialis

• Sartorius

Describe the Rectus Femoris thigh muscle

anterior

• attached to the pelvic bone

• flexion of the hip (hip flexion)

Describe Vastus Lateralis thigh muscle

anterior

• Laterally located on the quads (facing away)

Describe Vastus Intermedius thigh muscle

anterior

• In between lateralis and medialis

Describe Vastus medialis thigh muscle

anterior

• medially located on the thigh (facing towards the middle)

Describe Sartorius thigh muscle

• FABER: does flexion at the knee

  • Flexion

  • ABducts

  • External Rotation

• hip bone to our tibia

What are the Medial Thigh muscles?

Adductors: they bring the thigh to the midline

• Pectineus

• Adductor longus: long, adducts the thighs

• Adductor brevis: short, adducts the thighs

• Adductor magnus: biggest, adducts the thighs

• Gracilis

What are the Posterior Thigh muscles?

Hamstrings

• Biceps femoris

• Semitendinosus

• Semimembranosus

Describe Hamstrings thigh muscles

posterior

• Does knee flexion, does hip extension

Describe Biceps femoris thigh muscle

posterior

• lateral

• goes to the head of the fibula

Describe Semitendinosus thigh muscle

posterior

• both go together on the medial side

• attached to the tibia

What are the Anterior Leg muscles?

• Tibialis anterior:

  • dorsiflexor of the ankle

  • found in the anterior part of your tibia

  • Major anterior muscle

  • Foot inventor and dorsiflexor

What are the Lateral Leg muscles

• Fibularis (peroneus) longus

• Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

• will turn the foot away (eversion)

What are the Posterior Leg muscles?

Superficial

• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus

• Plantaris

Describe Gastrocnemius leg muscle

posterior

• attaches to our femur

• crosses our ankle joint

• help with knee flexion

Describe Soleus leg muscle

• cross just the ankle joint

• cause plantar flexion

All the muscles in the leg muscle join what?

The calcaneal tendon to calcaneus

What are the Deep Posterior muscles?

• Flexor hallicus longus

• Flexor digitorum longus

• Tibialis posterior

• Popliteus

Describe the Flexor hallicus longus

causes flexion to our first toe

Describe Flexor Digitorum longus

flexes our digits (our toes)