BIOL 261: LIST OF MICROORGANISMS

Acetobacter - Gram reaction?

G-

Acetobacter - Morphology?

Rod-shaped (bacilli)

Acetobacter - Arrangement?

Single rods or chains (sometimes)

Acetobacter - Disease(s) caused?

Typically non-pathogenic

• used in fermentation

Acetobacter - Transmission?

Fermented foods, decaying fruit

Acetobacter - Pathogenesis?

Rarely causes disease

Acetobacter - Virulence Factors?

None

Acetobacter - Treatment?

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

Acetobacter - Lysogenic or Latent?

Neither

Acetobacter - Genus/Species Name?

Acetobacter aceti

Acinetobactor - Genus/Species Name?

Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobactor - Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, or Protist?

Bacteria

Acinetobactor - Gram Reaction?

G -

Acinetobactor - Morphology?

Coccobacilli (short rod-shaped)

Acinetobactor - Disease(s) caused?

• Pneumonia

• Sepsis

Acinetobactor - Transmission?

• Hospital surfaces

• Equipment (nosocomial)

Acinetobactor - Pathogenesis?

Opportunistic infection (esp. in ICU)

Acinetobactor - Virulence Factors?

• Biofilms

• Antibiotic resistance

Acinetobactor - Treatment?

• Carbapenems

• Polymyxins (resistance common)

Acinetobactor - Lysogenic or Latent?

Neither

Acinetobactor - Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, or Protist?

Bacteria

Adenoviruses - Gram Reaction?

None

Adenoviruses - Morphology?

Non-enveloped, icosahedral

Adenoviruses - Disease(s) caused?

• Respiratory infections

• Conjunctivitis

• Gastroenteritis

Adenoviruses - Transmission?

• Aerosal droplets

• Direct contact

• Fomites

Adenoviruses - Pathogenesis?

Replication in epithelial cells of RT, eyes, or GI tract

Adenoviruses - Virulence Factors?

• Fiber protein (attachment)

• Early proteins (immune modulation)

Adenoviruses - Treatment?

Antivirals (cidofovir) in immunocompromised patients

Adenoviruses - Lysogenic or Latent?

Neither

Adenoviruses - Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, or Protist?

Virus

Aspergillus - Genus/Species Name?

• Aspergillus fumigatus

• Aspergillus flavus

Aspergillus - Gram Reaction?

None

Aspergillus - Morphology?

• Filamentous mold

• Septate hyphae

• Conidiophores

Aspergillus - Disease(s) caused?

Aspergillosis (pulmonary, invasive, allergic forms)

Aspergillus - Transmission?

Inhalation of airborne spores

Aspergillus - Pathogenesis?

Germinates in lungs (esp. in immunocompromised)

Aspergillus - Virulence Factors?

• Gliotoxin

• Elastase

• Catalase

Aspergillus - Treatment?

• Voriconazole

• Amphotericin B (invasive)

• Corticosteroids (allergic)

Aspergillus - Lysogenic or Latent?

Latent (in immunocompromised hosts)

Aspergillus - Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, or Protist?

Fungi

Bacillus anthracis - Gram Reaction?

G +

Bacillus anthracis - Morphology?

• Rods

• Chains

Bacillus anthracis - Disease(s) caused?

Anthrax (cutaneous, inhalational, gastrointestinal)

Bacillus anthracis - Transmission?

Spores from soil or animal products

Bacillus anthracis - Pathogenesis?

• Toxins

• Immune evasion

Bacillus anthracis - Virulence Factors?

• Capsule

• Anthrax toxins

Bacillus anthracis - Treatment?

Ciprofloxacin or doxycycline + antitoxin

Bacillus anthracis - Lysogenic or Latent?

Lysogenic (phage-encoded toxin genes)

Bacillus anthracis - Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, or Protist?

Bacteria

Bacillus cereus - Gram Reaction?

G +

Bacillus cereus - Morphology

Rods

Bacillus cereus - Disease(s) caused?

Food poisoning (emetic and diarrheal types)

Bacillus cereus - Transmission?

Contaminated food

Bacillus cereus - Pathogenesis?

• Enterotoxins

• Emetic toxins

Bacillus cereus - Virulence Factors?

Heat-stable and heat-labile toxins

Bacillus cereus - Treatment?

Supportive care

Bacillus cereus - Lysogenic or Latent?

Neither

Bacillus cereus - Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, or Protist?

Bacteria

Balantidium coli - Gram Reaction?

None

Balantidium coli - Morphology?

• Ciliated protozoan

• Large, oval

Balantidium coli - Disease(s) caused?

Balantidiasis (intestinal infection, dysentery)

Balantidium coli - Transmission?

• Fecal-oral

• Contaminated food/water (often from pigs)

Balantidium coli - Pathogenesis?

Trophozoites invade the colon mucosa, causing ulcers and diarrhea

Balantidium coli - Virulence Factors?

Cytotoxins, ability to invade tissue

Balantidium coli - Treatment?

• Tetracycline

• Metronidazole

Balantidium coli - Lysogenic or Latent?

Neither

Balantidium coli - Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, or Protist?

Protist

Bordetella pertussis - Gram Reaction?

G -

Bordetella pertussis - Morphology?

Coccobacilli

Bordetella pertussis - Disease(s) caused?

Whooping cough (pertussis)

Bordetella pertussis - Transmission?

Respiratory droplets

Bordetella pertussis - Pathogenesis?

Toxin-mediated ciliary paralysis

Bordetella pertussis - Virulence Factors?

• Pertussis toxin

• FHA

• Tracheal cytotoxin

Bordetella pertussis - Treatment?

Azithromycin

Bordetella pertussis - Lysogenic or Latent?

Neither

Bordetella pertussis - Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, or Protist?

Bacteria

Campylobacter jejuni - Gram Reaction?

G -

Campylobacter jejuni - Morphology?

Spiral rods

Campylobacter jejuni - Disease(s) caused?

Gastroenteritis

Campylobacter jejuni - Transmission?

• Undercooked poultry

• Contaminated water

Campylobacter jejuni - Pathogenesis?

Invasion of intestinal mucosa

Campylobacter jejuni - Virulence Factors?

• Flagella

• Enterotoxins

Campylobacter jejuni - Treatment?

• Supportive care

• Azithromycin (if needed)

Campylobacter jejuni - Lysogenic or Latent?

Neither

Campylobacter jejuni - Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, or Protist?

Bacteria

Candida albicans - Gram Reaction?

None

Candida albicans - Morphology?

• Yeast (budding)

• Pseudohyphae

• True hyphae

Candida albicans - Disease(s) caused?

Candidiasis (oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections, systemic)

Candida albicans - Transmission?

• Normal flora

• Opportunistic overgrowth

Candida albicans - Pathogenesis?

Overgrowth due to microbiome imbalance

Candida albicans - Virulence Factors?

• Biofilm

• Adhesins

• Hydrolytic enzymes

Candida albicans - Treatment?

• Fluconazole

• Echinocandins (systemic)

• Topical antifungals

Candida albicans - Lysogenic or Latent?

Latent (commensal until host defense weakens)

Candida albicans - Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, or Protist?

Fungi

Chlamydia trachomatis - Gram Reaction?

G -

Chlamydia trachomatis - Morphology?

• Small cocci

• Intracellular

Chlamydia trachomatis - Disease(s) caused?

• STDs

• Trachoma

• PID

Chlamydia trachomatis - Transmission?

• Sexual

• Perinatal

Chlamydia trachomatis - Pathogenesis?

Intracellular lifecycle damages cells

Chlamydia trachomatis - Virulence Factors?

Elementary and reticulate bodies