Science 30 - Biology

artery

carries blood away from the heart

vein

carries blood toward the heart

capillary

thin walled vessel that allow for exchange of gases and fluids within body cells

vena cava

largest vein in the body

pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

pulmonary vein

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

arteries

thick, elastic walls withstand pressure from heart to pump blood

arterioles

smaller artery that joins a large artery to a capillary

venule

smaller vein which joins a large vein to a capillary

vein

thin, low pressure walls with one way valves to pump blood up to heart

capillary bed

a network of capillaries

varicose veins

an enlarged, dilated vein toward the surface of the skin

blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

diastolic pressure

Blood pressure that remains in arteries when ventricles relax

hypertension

chronic high blood pressure

the speed of blood flow in veins

is slower than the speed of blood flow in arteries

oxygen carrying capacity

the maximum amount of oxygen that can be transported by hemoglobin

plasma

the pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body

leukocyte

a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease

platelet

small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process

erythrocyte

red blood cell, transports oxygen and CO2

biconcave

the shape of a erythrocyte

hemoglobin

iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that binds oxygen to the cells

oxyhemoglobin

a hemoglobin bonded with oxygen

how long do red blood cells live

120 days

protein

large organic molecule consisting of an amino acid chain

fibrinogen

a soluble protein present in blood plasma, from which fibrin is produced by the action of the enzyme thrombin

how long do white blood cells live

13-20 days

fibrin

thread like insoluble protein for the clotting process

blood clot

jelly like solid of RBCs in a net of fibrin

hemophilia

A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

responsible to carry cholesterol FROM liver TO body

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

carries cholesterol FROM body cells TO liver

what happens if you have too much LDL

plaque build up in your arteries

angina

chest pain caused by narrowing of blood vessels that supply blood to the heart

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, contains one or more double or triple bond

saturated fats

A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products, has single covalent bonds

essential fatty acids

a fatty acid that the body cannot synthesize by itself

aneurysm

widening of bulging of a blood vessel due to weakening of the vessel wall

septal defect

congenital abnormality consisting of an opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles

pathogen

an agent, especially a virus or a bacterium that cause disease

what are the body's lines of defense?

skin, cilia/mucous, platelets, WBCs

why was Joseph Lister important

used carbonic acid as an antiseptic during surgery to prevent infection

antiseptic

substance that prevents infection

protozoans

a group of microscopic, single celled organisms that require a host to duplicate

fungi

Organisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms that reproduce through spores, do not require Ps

bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and reproduce by mitosis

antibiotic

drug that kills bacterial infections

virus

A tiny, nonliving particle coated in protein that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell

anti-viral drug

Can trick the virus to use the wrong nucleotide. DNA replication stops and cures an infection

antigen

substance that triggers an immune response

macrophage

Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells

T-Cell

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

Helper T cells

Activates macrophages, B cells and T cells.

B-Cell

A lymphocyte that produces antibodies that help destroy pathogens.

antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen

killer T-Cell

releases chemicals to induce death of a viral infected cell

memory cells

WBC to provide future immunity for specific antigens

suppressor T-Cell

sends chemical messages to stop immune response to an antigen

vaccination

injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity

auto-immune disease

A disease caused by a person's own immune system producing antibodies against their own body cells

chromosomes

strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration

genes

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

DNA stands for

deoxyribonucleic acid

genetics

the study of heredity

karyotype

an image that reveals an orderly arrangement of chromosomes

what are the three karyotypes

length of chromosome, pattern of dark bands, position of centromere

centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

enzyme

protein that acts as a biological catalyst

structural protein

to support

transport protein

protein that moves substances or wastes through the plasma membrane

contractile protein

proteins that change shape and create large movements when working together

defensive protein

protection against disease

energy protein

source of chemical potential energy that can be released through decomposition

aminocentesis

Prenatal diagnostic technique to look at karotype of a fetus

mitosis

cell division of autosomal cells in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

autosomal cell

A cell of the body not involved in sexual reproduction

homologous chromosomes

Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.

diploid cells

the original cells and daughter cells

daughter cells

The cells that are produced as a result of mitosis

asexual reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

asexual reproduction advantages

fast, easy, efficient, genetically identical

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

haploid cell

A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.

gamete

a mature haploid male or female germ cell les

a genetically diverse population is _______

less susceptible to disease

dominant trait

a dominant allele overpowers a recessive allele

recessive trait

a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited

genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

phenotype

The physical and physiological traits of an organism

Nucelotide

an organic compound that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base; the basic building block of a nucleic-acid chain

base pair

A pair of complementary nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule

what makes up a DNA molecule

nitrogen base, deoxyribase, phosphate

name four nitrogen bases

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

histone

protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps

replication

Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

why is DNA replication important

daughter cells need a complete set of DNA to survive, grow or repair