CPWH MOD 11 AND 12

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Triple Alliance

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years preceding WWI

Triple Entente

A military alliance between France, England, Russia

Imperialism

European countries have competed fiercely for colonies in Africa and Asia, which increased a sense of rivalry and mistrust amongst the nations

Nationalism

• Main reason that both Germany and Italy unified into nations

• Reason why some European nations forced themselves away from one another; Serbia and Austria

Gavrilo Princip

19 year old Serbian and a Black Hand member; assassinator of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife Sophie

Paid a visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia; both killed while driving in an open car

How did WWI start?

After the murder of Ferdinand, Austria gives Serbia numerous demands, which Serbia agrees to only most; Austria doesn’t agree and declares war

Russian response to Austria declaring war on Serbia

Being an ally of Serbia, sent troops to the Austrian border

Central Powers

in WWI, the nations of Germany and Austria-Hungary, along with the other nations that fought on their side

The Allies

• in WWI, the nations of Great Britain, France, and Russia, along with other nations that fought along their side

Western Front

In WWI, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other

Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s military plan at the outbreak of WWI, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia

First Battle of the Marne

Allies regrouped and attacked Germany northeast of Paris, in the Valley of Marne River. Germany retreats; Schlieffen Plan in ruins

Trench warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield

Machine gun

A weapon that shoots multiple rounds in a short time

Tanks

Solved the stalemates between Germany and the Allies

Zeppelins

Large airships made of fabric which could drop bombs; used by Germany

Airplanes

Planes that could shoot machine guns and drop bombs; used by Britain and US

Poison gas

German chemists created; France and Britain followed and created inventions to protect their soldiers from it

Battle of Verdun

Germany launches massive attack on France near Verdun; both sides lose more than 300k men

Battle of the Somme

The British try to provide reinforcements to France while they are fighting in the Battle of Verdun; British attack Germany northwest of Verdun. In the first day, British lost 20k men; at the end, both sides lost 500k men

Eastern Front

In WWI, the region along the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks

Battle of Tannenberg

Germany counterattacked Russia near the town of Tannenberg, where they crushed the invading Russians; 30k russian soldiers dead

Why did Russia struggle in the war?

Not industrialized; always short of food and war supplies; Allied supply trade to Russia was limited due to Germany’s control of the Baltic sea

Gallipoli Campaign

A strategy for the Allies to attack a region in the Ottoman Empire, called the Dardanelles; failed, 250k allies lost

Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare

The use of submarines to sink without warning any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an enemy’s waters

Lusitania

A British passenger ship which a German submarine sank; 1198 people died, 128 US citizens

Zimmerman Note

A note written by Arthur Zimmermann, stating that Germany would help Mexico reconquer the land it had lost to the US if Mexico would ally with Germany. It was intercepted by British officials and led the US to joining the Allies.

Total war

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Rationing

The limiting of the amounts of goods people can buy; often imposed by governments during wartime, when goods are in short supply

Propaganda

Information or material spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponent’s cause

Women in WWI

Replaced men in factories, offices and shops. Built tanks, ran hospitals, supplied soldiers with food, clothing, and weapons

Russia’s withdrawal from the war

Czar Nicholas forced to step down; new provisional government; 5.5 million Russian soldiers killed or injured; uprising in Russia; communist Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power; signed a treaty with Germany

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Signed between Germany and Russia, which ended the war between the two

Armistice - November 11, 1918

Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down; Germany declares itself a Republic; a representative of Germany met with French Commander Marshal Foch; the two signed an armistice, or an agreement to stop fighting

Battle of Jutland

British vs Germany: 150 British naval ships vs 100 Germany ships; largest naval battle; both sides claim victory

Meuse-Argonne Offensive (100 Days’ Offensive)

US and French vs Germany: 26K US soldiers dead; Germany surrenders

Big Four

US, France, Great Britain, Italy

Woodrow Wilson

Twenty-eighth president of the United States; he proposed the League of Nations after World War I as a part of his Fourteen Points.

Georges Clemenceau

French politician; he was one of the major framers of the Versailles Peace Treaty, insisting on German disarmament and reparations

David Lloyd George

Representative for Great Britain

Vittorio Orlando

Representative for Italy

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

the peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after World War I.

League of Nations

an international association formed after World War I with the goal of keeping peace among nations.

New nations

Austro-Hungarian Empire: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

Russian Empire

Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

U.S. rejection of treaty

US citizens did not want to have anything to do with European affairs

Czar Nicholas II

Continued Russian autocracy when he came to power

Rapid industrialization

Doubled between 1863-1900, became the 4th ranking producer of steel, TransSiberian Railway

Proletariat

In Marxist theory, the group of workers who would overthrow the czar and come to rule Russia

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxist who took control of Russia’s government in November 1917

Lenin

1870 - 1924; Russian revolutionary and founder of Bolshevism; rose to power in Russia following the Russian Revolution in 1917

Russo-Japanese War

Russia vs Japan for control of Korea and Manchuria; Russia defeated

Bloody Sunday

Protest asking for better working conditions, personal freedom, and a national legislature; ended up with Nicholas II shooting into the crowd

What did WWI reveal about weaknesses of Russia

The weakness of Czarist rule and military leadership

Rasputin

1872 - 1916; self-proclaimed Russian holy man and prominent figure at the court of Czar Nicholas II. He was viewed as corrupt, and support for czarist Russia deteriorated because of him

Provisional government

A temporary government

Soviets

One of the local representatives councils formed in Russia after the downfall of Czar Nicholas II

How does Lenin return to Russia?

In a sealed Railway boxcar

Red Guards

armed factory workers who  stormed the Winter Palace in Petrograd; they took over government offices and arrested the leaders of the provisional government

White Army

Supported the return of Czar, democratic, or socialists

Leon Trotsky

Revolutionary leader of Red Army

Lenin’s New Economic Policy

Allowed peasants to sell their crops instead of turning them over to the government; foreign investment

Communist party

A political party practicing the ideas of Karl Marx and V.I. Lenin; originally the Russian Bolshevik Party

Joseph Stalin

1879 - 1953; totalitarian dictatorship of the Soviet Union; led the Soviet Union through WWII and created a powerful Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe after the war

Totalitarianism

Government control over every aspect of public and private life

Police terror

police serve to enforce the central government’s policies

Indoctrination

instruction in the government’s beliefs—to mold people’s minds

Propaganda and Censorship

biased or incomplete information used to sway people to accept certain beliefs or actions

Religious or Ethnic Persecution

Totalitarian leaders often create “enemies of the state” to blame for things that go wrong

(Stalin) Secret police

Used tanks and armored cars to stop riots; Monitored everything; Executed and arrested millions

Great Purge

A campaign of terror in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, in which Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all Communist Party members and other citizens who threatened his power

(Stalin) Propaganda and censorship

Stalin’s government controlled all newspapers, motion pictures, radio, and other sources of information; Stalin would not tolerate individual creativity that did not conform to the views of the state

(Stalin) Education and indoctrination

Children were taught the virtues of the Communist Party; Anyone who questioned was arrested

(Stalin) Religious persecution

Communists aimed to replace religious teachings with the ideals of communism

Command economy

An economic system in which the government makes all economic decisions

Five-Year Plans

Plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union’s economy

Collective farms

A large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms

Good and bad for women

The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 declared men and women equal; women were expected to provide the state with future generations of loyal, obedient citizens

Ukrainian kulaks

a class of wealthy peasants, resisted collectivization fiercely; Stalin organized a mass starvation as a means to crush their resistance to forced collectivization

Kuomintang

The Chinese Nationalist Party, formed in 1912

Sun Yixian

1866 - 1925; Chinese statesman and revolutionary leader; he believed that China should be a democracy but that it first needed to replace the Qing dynasty with a ruling nationalist party. He founded the Revolutionary Alliance in 1905

General Yuan Shikai

Controlled the most powerful army in China; Sun gave him presidency to him in order to reunify China; quickly betrayed democratic ideals of the revolution

Warlord Era

broke China into a jigsaw of regions controlled by the regional warlords

May Fourth Movement

A national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference

Mao Zedong

1893 - 1976; leader of the Chinese Communists; led a successful revolution and established a communist government in China in 1949

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

1887 - 1975; Chinese general and politician; succeeded Sun Yixian as leader of the Nationalist Party in China and led attacks against communists in China in the 1920s

The Long March

A 6,000-mile journey made in 1934-1935 by Chinese Communists fleeing from Jiang Jieshi’s Nationalist forces

Civil War suspended

Japanese forces invaded Manchuria; launched an all out invasion of China; massive bombings; took large part of land

Ottoman Empire

an empire founded in 1299 and dissolved in 1922

Young Turk Revolution

Sultan Abdul Hamid II dissolved parliament; was unable to suppress the uprising, and rebellion spread rapidly; Hamid II restored the constitution and stepped down from power

What side did the Ottoman Empire join in WWI?

Germany and Austria-Hungary; Central Powers

Mustafa Kemal

Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and first president of Turkey; known as the father of modern day Turkey

What reformed did Mustafa Kemal place on Turkey?

• separated the laws of Islam from the laws of the nation

• abolished religious courts and created a new legal system based on European law

• granted women the right to vote and to hold public office

• launched government-funded programs to industrialize Turkey and to spur economic growth

Persia turns into Iran

Changed by Reza Shah Pahlavi

Reza Shah Pahlavi

Set out to modernize Persia; establish public schools, roads, railroads, industrial growth, extended women’s rights

Saudi Arabia

New kingdom renamed by Ibn Saud after his family

Ibn Saud

began a successful campaign to unify Arabia; brought some modern technology; limited due to religious reasons