Physiology LE 1 (Introduction to Physiology)

Physiology

study of the function of living things

Physiology and anatomy

are interrelated because functions depend on structure

Cells

simplest structural units into which a complex multicellular organism can be divided and still remain the functions of characteristic of life

Cell

fundamental unit of both structure and function in a living being

Cell differentiation

process of trasforming an unsepcialized cell into a specialized cell

Atoms

Human body is composed of ___ which are the smallest bulding blocks of matter

C, H, O, N

Most common atoms (4) which makes up approx 96%

Biomolecules

Atoms combine to form ___

Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats, Nucleic acids

Biomolecules/ macromolecules

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, body system level, organism levek

6 cellular organization

Plasma membrane

encloses the contents of each cell and controls movement of material in and out of the cell

Interior

The ___ contains a combination of atoms and molecules that are different from the exterior of the cell

Obtaining O2 and nutrients, performing energy-generating chemical reactions, eliminating wastes, synthesizing proteins and other cell components, moving materials throughout the cell, respoding to the environment,

Shape and function of the cell (7)

O2, nutrients

1. Obtaining __ and _

energy-generatingg

2. Performing ___ chemical reactions

wastes

3. Eliminating __

proteins, cell components

4. Synthesizing __ and other _

throughout

5. Moving material __ the cell

environment

6. Responding to the __

Reproducing

7. Last function of the cell

Tissues

Cells of similar structure and specialized function combine to form __

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

Primary tissues (4)

epithelial ell

Epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissue may form from any type of __

secretion, absorption, protection

Epithelial tissue

specialized cells have selective ___ and __ of ions and organic molecules as well as _

cuboidal, columnar, squamous, ciliated

shapes of epithelial cells (4)

cuboidal

cube shaped

columnar

elongated

squamous

flattened

single epithelium and stratified epithelium

Epithelia may be arranged as (2)

single epithelium

single cell thick tissue

stratified epithelium

numerous layers of cells

body, organs

Epithelia are located at the surfaces that cover the __ or individual _

tubular and hollow

Epithelia line the inner surfaces of the __ and _ structures within the body

Basement membrane

Epithelial cells rest on an extracellular protein layer called the __

Basolateral side

Side of the cell anchored to the basement membrane is the __

Apical side

Opposite side that faces the interior is the __

Connective tissue

Tissue that connect, anchorm and support the structures of the body

Loose connective, dense connectiv, blood, cartilage, adipose

Types of connective tissue (5)

Loose connective tissue

Found in the loose meshwork of cells and fibers underlying most epithelial layers

Dense connective tissue

Tough, rigid tissue that makes up tendons and ligaments

Blood

Type of fluid connective tissue

Connective tissue

Cells in the blood have the same embryonic origin as other __, because the blood connects the various organs and tissue through delivery of nutrients and removal of waste

Muscles tissue

consists of cells specialized for contracting, which generates tension and produces movement

Cardiac, skeletal, smooth

Types of muscle (3)

Cardiac muscle

pumps blood from the heart

Skeletal muscle

moves the skeleton

Smooth muscle

controls movement of contents through hollow tubes and organs

Nervous tissue

consists of cells specialized to initiate, integrate and conduct electrical signals to other cells

Electrical impulses

act as signals that are important in communication, coordination, and control in the body

Axon

from many neurons are packaged together along with connective tissue to form a nerve

Neuron

Is a cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrated and conduct electrical signals to other cells

Organ

are combinations of two or more types of tissues that function together

epithelial, smooth muscle, connective tissue, nervous tissue

Stomach is a combination of what tissues

Epithelial tissue

Stomach is line with

smooth muscle and nervouse tissues

The wall of the stomach contains __

connective tissue

_ binds various tissues together

Functional units

Some are organized into small, similar subunits often referred to as __

organ system

collection of organs that together perform a overall function

Body fluid

referring to a watery solution of dissolved substances such as oxugen, nutrients and wastes

Intracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid

Body fluid exists in three compartments

Intracellular fluid

is the fluid contained within all the cells of the body and accounts for about 67% of all the water in the body

Plasma

is the fluid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended, and accounts for about 7% of total body water

Interstitial fluid

fluid that lies around and between cells and makes up about 26% of total-body water

extracellular fluid

plasma and interstitial fluid comprises the

Compartmentalization

is an important feature of physiology and is achieved by barriers between the compartments.

intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid

total body fluid is made up of 2/3 __ and 1/3 _

Homeostasis

state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables

Dynamic

Homeostasis is __, not a static process

variables can change

Physiological __ dramatically over a 24 hour period but the system is still in overall balance

physiology

when homeostasis is maintained we refer to __

pathophysiology

when homeostasis is not maintained we refer to __

concentration of nutrients, O2, C2, wastw products, water, salt and other electrolytes. pH. volume and pressure. temperature

Physiological variables examples

survival of each cell

Homeostasis is essential for the __

maintain the internal environment

Homeostasis is essential for survival through its specialized activities as part of a body system helps ___ shared by all cells

homeostatic control system

is an interconnected network of body components that work together to maintain keep a given factor relatively constant

detect deviations from normal, integrate this information with other information, make adjustments to restore the factor to normal

to maintain homeostasis the control system must be able to (3)

intrinsic and extrinsic

Homeostatic control systems can be grouped into two classes (2)

intrinsic

controls are built into an organ

extrinsic

controls are initiated outside an organ to alter the organs activity

nervous, endocrine

extrinsic system is accomplished by the __ and _ systems

reflex

is a specific involuntary, unpremediated, unlearned “built in” response to a particlular stimulus

negative feedback

an increase or decrease in the variable being regulated brings about resonses tha tend to the variable in the direction opposite the direction of the original change

greater

without negative feed back, oscillations would be much

organ, cellular, molecular

negative feedback may occur at ___, __, _

positive feedback

accelerates a process, leading to an explosive system

positive feedback

initail change in a varibale subsequently to an even greater change

False

Is positive feedback much more common in nature?

set point

is the balanced physiological value

changes in the external environment

__ can displace a variable from its set point

True

Set points for many regulated variables can be physiologically reset to a new value

provides fine tuning and permits regulation to occur when one system is not functioning properly

Why should a set point be set to a new

Feedforward regulation

changes in regulated variables are anticiplated and prepared for before they actually occur

Improves the speed

Feedforward regulation ___ of the body’s homeostatic responses

minimized fluctuations

Feedforward regulation __ fluctuations in the regulated variable

True

Almost all body cells can act as effectors in homeostatic reflexes

muscle and gland

major effectors of biological control system (2)

Hormone

In the case of glands, the effector is a __ secreated into the blood

Hormone

is a type of chemical messenger secreted into the blood by cells of the endocrine system

the same chemical messenger

A neuron, endocrine gland cell, and other cell types may secrete ___