all of the biology equations

What is the formula for magnification?

Magnification = image size ÷ real size.

How do you calculate the mean?

Mean = total ÷ number of results.

What is the formula for surface area to volume ratio?

Surface area to volume ratio = surface area ÷ volume.

How do you calculate percentage change?

Percentage change = ((final value − initial value) ÷ initial value) × 100.

What is the formula for rate?

Rate = distance ÷ time.

How is population change calculated?

Population change = (birth rate + immigration) − (death rate + emigration).

What is the biodiversity index?

Biodiversity index = number of species ÷ total number of organisms.

What is the formula for the rate of photosynthesis (inverse time)?

Rate of photosynthesis (inverse time) = 1 ÷ time.

How do you calculate the rate of transpiration?

Rate of transpiration = water loss ÷ time.

What is the formula for heart rate?

Heart rate = number of beats ÷ time.

How is cardiac output calculated?

Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume.

What is the formula for breathing rate?

Breathing rate = number of breaths ÷ time.

How do you calculate ventilation rate?

Ventilation rate = breathing rate × tidal volume.