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How does the biological perspective approach mental disorders?
A disorder comes from genetics, chemical imbalances, or brain abnormalities.
How does the diathesis-stress model approach mental disorders?
People are genetically predisposed to have certain disorders and each disorder is activated by stress in a person’s life.
How does the psychosocial model approach mental disorders?
Disorders develop because of stress, trauma, or environmental factors experienced by the person.
What are the symptoms of social anxiety?
-Extreme fear or anxiety of being judged by others / embarrassing yourself
-Avoidance of social situations
What are the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?
-A continuous state of excessive anxiety
What are the symptoms of OCD?
-A tendency to experience unwanted thoughts and urges
-The perceived need to engage in repetitive behaviors in response to the urges.
What are the symptoms of panic disorder?
-Unexpected panic attacks
-At least 1 month of worry about having a panic attack
-Avoiding situations where you feel you may have a panic attack
What are the symptoms of phobia?
-Excessive, persistent, and distressing fear of a specific object or situation.
What are the symptoms of PTSD?
-Intrusive and distressing memories
-Negative emotional state
-Detachment, irritability, outbursts, or hypervigilance
-Startling easily
What are the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder?
-Being excessively preoccupied with an imagined flaw in physical appearance
What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?
-Symptoms are seen in episodes
-A lack of pleasure and negative emotional states
-Thoughts of suicide
-Changes in body movement
What are the symptoms of persistent depressive disorder?
-A chronic sad and melancholy mood
What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?
-Extreme mood swings between depression and mania
What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?
-Major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior
-Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized behavior
-Catatonic behavior, avolition. alogia, asociality, anhedonia
What are the symptoms of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
-Having two distinct, well defined personalities that do not coexist
-Memory gaps for the time spent with the other personality
What are the symptoms of ADHD?
-Inattentiveness
-Hyperactive and impulsive behavior
What are the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?
-Deficits in social interaction and communication
-Repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
What are the seven categories of psychological disorders?
-Anxiety disorders
-Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders
-Trauma and Stressor related disorders
-Mood disorders
-Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
-Dissociative disorders
-Neurodevelopmental disorders
What is a positive symptom?
Something is added or is more abundant than is normal
What is a negative symptom?
Something is removed or is less abundant than is normal
What is a harmful dysfuntion?
The inability of an internal mechanism to preform its natural funciton
What is a comorbidity?
The co-occurrence of two or more disorders
What are safety behaviors?
Behavior or acts designed to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes
What is peripartum onset?
-Seen in woman who have recently given birth
-Form of depression
-Caused by changes in hormone levels and sleep
What are delusions?
Beliefs that are contrary to reality. Held even when confronted with evidence of their falsehood.
What are the types of delusions?
Paranoid: Thinking someone is plotting to hurt you
Grandiose: Believing you have a special power
Somatic: Believing something abnormal is happening to your body (ex. bugs eating your organs from the inside)
What are hallucinations?
A perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimuli
What are compulsions?
The need to engage in repetitive behaviors or actions in response to unwanted thought or urges
What is mania?
A state of extreme elation and agitation
What is rumination?
Constantly dwelling on one’s depression symptoms and their meanings and consequences
What are obsessions?
Unwanted thoughts or urges
What is behavioral therapy?
Focused on replacing behaviors that disrupt daily life with new ones
What is cognitive therapy?
Focused on how your thinking influences how you feel about yourself and the world around you
What is CBT?
A combination of cognitive and behavioral therapy
What is psychoanalysis/psychodynamic therapy?
Focusing on addressing the unconscious conflicts that are manifesting as problems in daily life
What is humanistic therapy?
Focused on self actualization and becoming your best self
What is biomedical therapy?
A medical approach to therapy
ex. medication, surgery, shock therapy
What is token economy?
A controlled environment where individuals are rewarded for good behavior with tokens or chips they can later exchange for something of value to them
What is exposure therapy?
Therapy where the therapist presents the object of fear repeatedly so the client gets used to being around it
What is aversive conditioning?
Pairing an unpleasant stimuli with an unwanted behavior
What is systematic desensitization?
A form of therapy used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by exposing the client to the cause of fear in increments
What is active listening?
When the therapist clarifies, restates, and acknowledges what the client has talked about during the session
What is free association?
The client relaxes and says whatever comes to mind.
What is interpretation in therapy?
Where the therapist offers insight about the client’s unconscious desired based on what they have heard durring the session.
Answer to question 1
D
What do therapists have in common?
Providing hope, empathy, new perspectives on problems
Problems with treating mental illness with medication
It can be difficult to get the dosages correct, people relapse because they stop taking meds when they start to feel better, there are side effects, and it can’t help if the cause of the illness is the way the person thinks
Define ETC
electroconvulsive therapy, only used as a last resort for extreme depression
define unconditional positive regard
acceptance of a person regardless of their actions or beliefs (used in humanistic psychology)
define conditional positive regard
deciding if someone should be accepted or not based on their beliefs or actions
define trephining
drilling holes in the skull of a mentally ill person in order to let the bad spirits out
define transference
when a person transfers all of their positive or negative emotions about someone else to their psychoanalyst
define resistance
the reluctancy to recognize conflicts and repressed thoughts
define the placebo effect
when someone’s expectations or beliefs influence their experience in a situation
define evidence-based practice
using the best available research in a treatment
define tardive dyskinesia
a neurological syndrome that results in repetitive, uncontrollable muscle movements
define lobotomy
a procedure where the neural connections in the frontal lobe of the brain are severed in an attempt to treat mental illness
what are potential barriers to seeking treatment for a mental illness
lack of insurance, transportation, and time
What is the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic approach to personality
someone’s personality is a result of conflict and compromise between their desires and restraint (ID, Ego, Superego)
what is the social-cognitive approach to personality
personality is only one piece of the puzzle of why we act the way we do
what is reciprocal determinism
everything influences everything else (person and situation)
what is the humanistic approach to personality
the way we perceive things (the world and ourselves) influences our personality because we are always striving to be the best version of us
what is the trait theory approach to personality
also known as the 5 factor model or Big Five
personality can be boiled down into a few traits that are graded on a continuum
what is an ego defense mechanism
unconscious protective behaviors designed to reduce anxiety
what is denial
refusing to accept things as real
what is displacement
transferring inappropriate urges to a more acceptable target
what is projection
assuming that other people are doing something inappropriate when really you are the one with those urges
what is rationalization
justifying actions by using false, more acceptable reasoning
what is reaction formation
reducing discomfort by adopting beliefs contrary to your own just because they are shared by the people around you
what is regression
using past coping mechanisms from earlier stages of development for novel problems (thumb sucking)
what is repression
purposefully ignoring thought or feelings that make you uncomfortable
what is sublimation
using socially acceptable methods of dealing with socially unacceptable desires
what does the marshmallow test demonstrate
consideration of situational factors is important in determining behavior
what are Roger’s requirements for growth
being genuine, being accepting of people no matter what, empathy
what is the “real” self
who we actually are
what is the “ideal” self
who we want ourselves to be
what does it look like to be high and low in openness
high- imaginative, likes new experiences, likes variety
low- practical, likes routine
what does it look like to be high and low in conscientiousness
high- organized, careful, disciplined
low- careless, impulsive
what does it look like to be high and low in extraversion
high- extraverts, social, outgoing, likes to meet new people
low- introverts, quiet, sober, reserved, prefers familiar faces
what does it look like to be high and low in agreeableness
high- trusting, gets along well with others
low- disagreeable, selfish, selfish
what does it look like to be high and low in neuroticism
high- high strung, tense, anxious, stressed
low- emotionally stable, calm, laid back, relaxed
what does the HEXACO model add to the 5 factor model
honesty and humility
What is the ID
Instinct and impulses (wants pleasure ASAP)
What is Ego
tries to compromise between superego and ID
What is the superego
tells us what we SHOULD do (follows social and moral rules)
What is the Oedipus complex
-the primitive sexual urges that young sons have for their mothers
-a young boy’s competition for his mother with his father
what is an Electra complex
-the primitive sexual urges young daughters have for their fathers
-a young girl’s competition with her mother for her father
what is self-actualization
achieving our best selves
what is self-efficacy
how capable are you in a given situation
what is locus of control
do you think you effect what happens to you
what is an internal locus of control
believing that things that happen to you are affected by your actions
what is an external locus of control
believing that things will happen to you no matter what you do
what is a self-serving bias
when we attribute success to something we have done and we attribute failure to an outside influence
what is selective migration
people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities
What are the three components of attitudes
Feeling/Affect, Behavior, and Cognition
What is feeling or affect (attitude)
what emotions are associated with the attitude object
What is behavior (attitude)
what actions are associated with the attitude object
what is cognition (attitude)
what do we think about members of that group or about the attitude object
what is cognitive dissonance
the uncomfortable feeling we get when our actions and beliefs don’t coincide
how is cognitive dissonance resolved
by either changing the behavior or belief so that they line up
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