Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.

Intrinsic motivation

Arises from internal factors/personal satisfaction

Extrinsic motivation

Arises from external factors in order to receive something

Overjustification Effect

intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given

William James

Proposed the instinct theory of motivation, asserting that behavior is driven by instincts (which aid survival).

Drive Theory of Motivation

Drive theory proposed that the maintenance of homeostasis is important in directing behavior. Emphasizes the role that habits (pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage) play in behavioral responses → If a behavior successfully reduces a drive, we are more likely to engage in that behavior in future

Arousal Theory of Motivation

Arousal theories assert that there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain Moderate arousal is optimal.

Yerkes and Dodson Law

The optimal arousal level depends on the complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed. Task performance is best when arousal levels are in a middle range, difficult tasks best performed under lower levels of arousal and simple tasks best performed under higher levels of arousal

Self-Efficacy

an individual's belief in her own capability to complete a task

Bandura

Theorized that self-efficacy plays a role in motivating behavior

Argues that motivation derives from expectations held about the consequences of behaviors.

Beliefs about our abilities will determine what we do and goals we set for ourselves

Social Motives

Need for achievement, Affiliation, and intimacy

Physiological Mechanisms

Hunger and eating are regulated by a complex interplay of hunger and satiety signals that are integrated in the brain

Factors Affecting Body Weigh

Gene-environment interactions.

Number of calories consumed versus number of calories burned in daily activity.

Metabolic rate

Metabolic Rate

the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time

Varies greatly between individuals.

People with a high metabolic rate burn off calories more easily than those with lower rates of metabolism

Set-Point theory

each individual has an ideal body weight/set point, which is resistant to change.

Set point is genetically determined.

Efforts to move weight significantly from the set-point are resisted by compensatory changes in energy intake/expenditure.

Based on the observation that people's weight generally fluctuates within a narrow margin.

Fails to account for the influences of social and environmental factors

Obesity

2/3 U.S. adults struggle with issues related to being overweight 25+ BMI

Environmental Factors for Obesity

As well as factors such as genetics and energy intake/expenditure, socioeconomic status and the physical environment can contribute to obesity.

Health Risks of Obesity

Cardiovascular disease

Stroke

Type 2 diabetes

Breast cancer

Infertility

Arthritis

Liver disease

Sleep apnea

Colon cancer

Weight Reduction

A combination of diet and exercise

Bariatric Surgery

Gastric banding surgery creates a small pouch of stomach, reducing the size of the stomach that can be used for digestion

Anorexia Nervosa

Characterized by maintaining a low body weight through starvation and/or exercise

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge and purge eating disorder

Binge Eating Disorder

Eating disorder characterized by binge eating without the compensatory behavior seen in bulimia nervosa

Eating Disorders Causes

Media, Genetics, Low Self-Esteem, Life Transitions, Stress, Abuse, Bullying, Personality, Family issues

Mood

Prolonged, less intense, affective state. Does not occur in response to something we experience. May not be consciously recognized or intentional.

Emotion

A subjective state of being that we often use to describe our feelings. Relatively intense and occurs in response to an experience, consciously experienced and intentional.

Components of emotion

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences. Informed by experiences, backgrounds, and cultures.

James-Lange Theory

Emotions arise from physiological arousal

Cannon-Bard Theory

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently

Empirical Findings

Individuals with spinal cord injuries (incapable of receiving autonomic feedback) could still experience emotion but in some it was less intense.

Suppression of facial expression of emotion lowered the intensity of emotions experienced.

These findings suggest that physiological arousal is not necessary to experience emotion but increases the intensity.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive

Lazarus' Cognitive-Mediational Theory

Emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

Primary Emotions

universal emotions that emerge in early infancy

Primary Emotion Examples

Joy

Sadness

Anger

Fear

Surprise

Disgust

Secondary Emotions

guilt, shame, anxiety, pride,envy