Biology EOC Review

Any factor in a organisms environment that is not living (Rocks & Water)

Abiotic Factor

The building block of a macromolecule

Monomer

Organelle that modifies proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Area on an enzyme where substrate binds

Active Site

The primary producer in aquatic ecosystems that generates about half of the O2 in the atmosphere

Phytoplankton/Algae

The ecological "engineers" of an ecosystem. Play a major role in the shaping of the ecosystem.

Keystone Species

Special role or functional position of an organism in its environment. (Job)

Niche

Body system that transports materials throughout the body

Cardiovascular System

Loose DNA in nucleus, before condensation into chromosomes

Chromatin

Part of the earth that includes water

Hydrosphere

A gene located on either sex chromosome, usually the X chromosome (Colorblindness, hemophilia, pattern baldness).

Sex-Linked

At the end of succession, the stable plant community that exists is called the

Climax Community

Interconnected food chains that show multiple options of feeding in an ecosystem.

Food Web

The part of the feedback loop that detects changes in the environment

Receptor

Process where mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus

Transcription

Mass of cells that does not have the ability to spread to other parts of the body

Benign

A symbiotic relationship where both members benefit.

Mutualism

Sudden change in species size or shape due to environmental factors after long period of little/no change

Punctuated Equilibrium

Cells that have not yet differentiated

Stem Cells

Plants releasing water from their leaves is known as

Transpiration

When two or more species evolve in response to each other

Coevolution

The layer of atmosphere where the "GOOD" ozone can be found.

Stratosphere

Alternate forms of a gene that code for proteins

Allele

A type of ecosystem that is defined by climate (average temperature and precipitation)

Biome

Energy required to get a reaction started

Activation Energy

A trait that is hidden. Represented by lowercase letters (Ex: tt).

Recessive

Feedback loop that keeps increasing the original stimulus

Positive Feedback Loop

The physical appearance of a trait (Ex: Blue eyes)

Phenotype

Part of the earth that is solid and includes rocks and soil.

Geosphere

Large scale changes that take place in organisms over long periods of time; speciation

Macroevolution

Precipitation that has a low pH. Can lead to death of organisms in the soil and water.

Acid Rain

Pattern of evolution suggested by Darwin where organisms undergo steady, constant changes over time

Gradualism

When a recessive allele occurs with a dominant allele, the dominant allele is always expressed. Name this law (Ex: Tt → T is expressed).

Law Of Dominance

Process where more DNA is produced. Occurs during the S phase of Interphase

Replication

Usable form of energy for a cell

ATP

All living organisms on earth

Biosphere

Type of group behavior where an organism risks its own well- being to protect others in the group

Altruistic Behavior

Region where two identical chromatids connect during cell division

Centromere

Group in an experiment that is used as the comparison group. The independent variable is not changed.

Control Group

Type ecological pyramid showing the total amount of living tissue present at different levels.

Biomass Pyramid

The cell structure that helps the cell maintain homeostasis with its environment

Plasma Membrane

Chromosomal condition resulting in an extra chromosome added to a homologous pair

Trisomy

When neither allele dominates over the other and blends together to create an intermediate form. Name the inheritance pattern.

Incomplete Dominance

Body system that protects and supports body organs

Skeletal System

Members of the same species that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Population

Unrelated species of organisms living in similar environments evolve similar traits

Convergent Evolution

Diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Cladogram

Different populations coexisting in an area

Community

Alleles separate (segregate) during gamete formation, making it possible for a recessive trait to reappear in later generations. 3 dominant:1 recessive Phenotypic ratio. Name the Law.

Law Of Segregation

Macromolecule with amino acids as building blocks that perform many different functions in living things

Protein

Part of the earth that includes all the gases

Atmosphere

A stable internal environment that cells must be able to maintain

Homeostasis

Cells resulting from mitosis are diploid, body cells also referred to as...

Somatic Cells

Pollution with a single, identifiable discharge point

Point Source

First part of photosynthesis, where ATP and NADPH are created using H₂O and sunlight

Light-Dependent Reactions

Feedback loop that reverses the direction of the stimulus

Negative Feedback Loop

Proteins that act as catalysts in living things

Ezymes

Molecule created when adenine, ribose and 2 phosphate groups are combined

ADP

The number of different species in an ecosystem.

Biodiversity

When both alleles are the same. Also referred to as purebreds. EX: TT or tt

Homozygous

Anything that absorbs more CO2 from the atmosphere than it releases

Carbon Sink

The part of the feedback loop that decides what to do about the change in homeostasis (in mammals it is the brain or the spinal cord)

Control Center

When both alleles are equally expressed. Name this inheritance pattern.

Codominance

When different species split off from a common ancestor; adaptive radiation

Divergent Evolution

Darwin's idea that species change over time to fit their environment; "Survival of the Fittest"

Natural Selection

When both alleles are different. Also referred to as hybrids. EX: Tt

Heterozygous

The process where glucose and other food molecules are broken down to release ATP that occurs in all living things

Cellular Respiration

Laboratory technique to determine the order of nitrogenous bases in DNA

DNA Sequencing

The letter combination for a trait. EX: Aa

Genotype

When energy is passed from one trophic level to the next, not all the energy is passed on.

10% Rule

Groups of organs working together to perform some BIG function in a multicellular organism are called

Organ System

Macromolecule made of nucleotides that carry an organism's genetic code

Nucleic Acid

A trait that is seen more often. Represented by capital letters (Ex: TT).

Dominant

The increase in the planet's temperature as a result of increase in greenhouse gases due to HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Global Warming

Ecological pyramid that shows the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next.

Energy Pyramid

Different traits are inherited separately; independently separate during Meiosis. 9:3:3:1 Phenotypic ratio. Name the law.

Law Of Independent Assortment

Greatest amount of energy and biomass are found with these organisms. Plants and Algae are examples

Producer

Organism that break down material. Examples include bacteria and fungi

Decomposer

An inherited characteristic that increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction

Adaptation

Second part of photosynthesis that uses ATP, NADPH and CO₂ to create glucose

Light-Independent Reactions

Threadlike structures that attach to and separate chromosomes during cell division

Spindle Fibers

Genetic cross involving two traits where parents are HETEROZYGOUS for both traits. 16 box Punnett Square (Ex: TtRr X TtRr).

Di-Hybrid Cross

Process in autotrophs where food molecules are produced from CO₂ and H₂O using light as an energy source

Photosynthesis

In the absence of oxygen, organisms, like yeast, convert pyruvate to ethanol and CO2 to convert NADH back to NAD+ in this process

Alcohol Fermentation

Calculation of the number of organisms of a group that are still alive after a given amount of time

Survival Rate

Body system that eliminates nitrogenous waste from the blood

Urinary System

The idea that species change over time, give rise to new species and share a common ancestor

Decent With Modification

Name the TWO energy carriers in cellular respiration

NAD+ and FAD

INCREASE in the concentration of a pollutant at each successive trophic level.

Biomagnification

The site of cellular respiration in the cell

Mitochondria

Structures that do not have a current function in an organism

Vestigial Structures

The LONG term effects of global warming on the planet and its ecosystems. Shift in the climate across the planet.

Climate Change

Type of cell division resulting in unique, haploid cells used in sexual reproduction

Meiosis

Small changes in a population over several generations; a change in the allele frequencies of a population

Microevolution

Tool used in genetics to PREDICT possible traits in offspring. Gives EXPECTED NOT ACTUAL.

Punnett Square

Traits that are is coded for by more than one gene. Examples include eye color, hair color, height, skin tone

Polygenic Traits

Groups of tissues working together in a multicellular organism form...

Organs

In the absence of oxygen, organisms, like mammals, convert pyruvate to lactic acid to convert NADH back to NAD+ in this process

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Image below shows what type of relationship?

Predator-Prey