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Flashcards from the study guide for the Unit 6 Biology Test
What comes first, translation or transcription?
transcription
What is transcription?
The process of making RNA from DNA
What two particles are used in transcription?
mRNA and DNA
What seperates the two DNA strands in transcription?
RNA polymerase
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What are the monomers of DNA?
nucleotides
what Macromolecule is DNA?
Nucliec Acid
What base does adenine pair with?
Thymine (T)
What is the shape of DNA called?
double helix
What molecule carries information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
mRNA
What does mRNA stand for?
messenger RNA
What is the process called when DNA copies itself?
DNA replication
what is the job of helicase in the replication process?
To undo the hydrogen bonds holding the bonds together.
What is the job of primase?
lays a primer for the nucleotides
what is the job of DNA polymerase?
bond the new nucleotides together
What is the job of Ligase?
to connect the individual DNA strands created by discontinuous replication (the glue)
define Template strand
the parental strand whose sequence is used to synthesize a complementary daughter strand (DNA replication)
Define Antiparallel
strands run in opposite directions (the bases of DNA)
What end is 5'?
phosphate end
What end is the 3' end?
sugar end (deoxyribose)
why is it important that DNA is copied identical the template strand?
If the DNA replicates incorrectly it will continue to replicate incorrectly and could cause diseases through incorrect protein creation, or worse it could cause cancer.
define tRNA
carries amino acids to the ribosome and mRNA
Define rRNA
nucleotides that create a ribosome
What does rRNA stand for?
Ribosomal RNA
What does tRNA stand for?
transfer RNA
what are the diffrences between DNA and RNA
DNA carries genetic code/info while RNA carries information solely for creating proteins.
What is the function of a gene
To code for a particular sequence of amino acids in order to make a specific protein.
what is stronger the hydrogen bond between bases or the bond between the sugar and phosphate?
the bond linking the phosphate + Sugars (these bonds are covalent A.K.A the strongest bond)
What is translation?
the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein
where does translation occur?
cytoplasm and ribosome
where does transcription happen?
nucleus
why do our cells make protein?
Protein is involved in most of the processes in our bodie, therefore it is essential that our cells are constantly making it.
what is the job of RNA polymerase
it recognizes the transcription start site of a gene. strings together a complementary strand of mRNA
define codon
a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Define anticodon
a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
what is the start codon?
AUG
what are the stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
what monomer makes up protien?
Amino Acids
what is the monomers that make up DNA and RNA?
nucleotides
what is the job of the ribosome?
synthesizes proteins
Will a difference in one DNA base ALWAYS lead to a different protein structure?
No, because some codon will ultimately create the same amino acid.
what are chromosomes?
Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules
what is a gene
segment of DNA that codes for a protein
define deletion
A deletion is the loss of part of a chromosomal segment.
define insertion
when a base is added to the DNA sequence
define subsistution
when one base is swapped out for a different one
Define missense mutation
amino acid is substituted for a chemically different one
Define nonsense mutation
Change in nucleotide sequence which changes the amino acid sequence to a stop codon
Define silent mutation
Change in nucleotide sequence which does not produce a change in amino acid
what are three sources of mutation?
radiation,chemicals, and infectous agents
true or false a mutation in a sperm cell will be passed to the next generation
true
true or false a mutation in a skin cell will be passed to the next generation
false
true or false a mutation in DNA in a single-cell organism will pass to the next generation
true
What did Hershey and Chase discover?
DNA is the genetic material
who discovered DNA's shape
Rosalind Franklin
What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty discover?
transformation involves DNA transfer between cells
What did Frederick Griffith do?
Griffith studied pneumonia bacteria. In 1928, he isolated two strains of bacteria, and injected them into mice. Griffiths findings: Injection of live R strain was harmless (mice lived)
Injection of live S strain caused pneumonia (mice died)
Injection of heat-killed S Strain was harmless (mice lived)
BUT....Injection of mixture of live R strain with the heat-killed S strain caused pneumonia (mice died)
What does epigenetic mean?
outside the gene
What are epigenetics?
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Define replication fork
The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand.
true or false translation happens in the nucleus
False
True or False transcription happens in the nucleus
True
What type of sugar does DNA have
deoxyribose
what type of sugar does RNA have
ribose
how many strands does RNA have
one
what are the letter names of the bases RNA has?
A,U,C,G
what is the first step of Cell reproduction
Replication of all DNA in the chromosomes
