Unit 6 Biology Test - Study Guide

Flashcards from the study guide for the Unit 6 Biology Test

What comes first, translation or transcription?

transcription

What is transcription?

The process of making RNA from DNA

What two particles are used in transcription?

mRNA and DNA

What seperates the two DNA strands in transcription?

RNA polymerase

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

What are the monomers of DNA?

nucleotides

what Macromolecule is DNA?

Nucliec Acid

What base does adenine pair with?

Thymine (T)

What is the shape of DNA called?

double helix

What molecule carries information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

mRNA

What does mRNA stand for?

messenger RNA

What is the process called when DNA copies itself?

DNA replication

what is the job of helicase in the replication process?

To undo the hydrogen bonds holding the bonds together.

What is the job of primase?

lays a primer for the nucleotides

what is the job of DNA polymerase?

bond the new nucleotides together

What is the job of Ligase?

to connect the individual DNA strands created by discontinuous replication (the glue)

define Template strand

the parental strand whose sequence is used to synthesize a complementary daughter strand (DNA replication)

Define Antiparallel

strands run in opposite directions (the bases of DNA)

What end is 5'?

phosphate end

What end is the 3' end?

sugar end (deoxyribose)

why is it important that DNA is copied identical the template strand?

If the DNA replicates incorrectly it will continue to replicate incorrectly and could cause diseases through incorrect protein creation, or worse it could cause cancer.

define tRNA

carries amino acids to the ribosome and mRNA

Define rRNA

nucleotides that create a ribosome

What does rRNA stand for?

Ribosomal RNA

What does tRNA stand for?

transfer RNA

what are the diffrences between DNA and RNA

DNA carries genetic code/info while RNA carries information solely for creating proteins.

What is the function of a gene

To code for a particular sequence of amino acids in order to make a specific protein.

what is stronger the hydrogen bond between bases or the bond between the sugar and phosphate?

the bond linking the phosphate + Sugars (these bonds are covalent A.K.A the strongest bond)

What is translation?

the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

where does translation occur?

cytoplasm and ribosome

where does transcription happen?

nucleus

why do our cells make protein?

Protein is involved in most of the processes in our bodie, therefore it is essential that our cells are constantly making it.

what is the job of RNA polymerase

it recognizes the transcription start site of a gene. strings together a complementary strand of mRNA

define codon

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

Define anticodon

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

what is the start codon?

AUG

what are the stop codons?

UAA, UAG, UGA

what monomer makes up protien?

Amino Acids

what is the monomers that make up DNA and RNA?

nucleotides

what is the job of the ribosome?

synthesizes proteins

Will a difference in one DNA base ALWAYS lead to a different protein structure?

No, because some codon will ultimately create the same amino acid.

what are chromosomes?

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

what is a gene

segment of DNA that codes for a protein

define deletion

A deletion is the loss of part of a chromosomal segment.

define insertion

when a base is added to the DNA sequence

define subsistution

when one base is swapped out for a different one

Define missense mutation

amino acid is substituted for a chemically different one

Define nonsense mutation

Change in nucleotide sequence which changes the amino acid sequence to a stop codon

Define silent mutation

Change in nucleotide sequence which does not produce a change in amino acid

what are three sources of mutation?

radiation,chemicals, and infectous agents

true or false a mutation in a sperm cell will be passed to the next generation

true

true or false a mutation in a skin cell will be passed to the next generation

false

true or false a mutation in DNA in a single-cell organism will pass to the next generation

true

What did Hershey and Chase discover?

DNA is the genetic material

who discovered DNA's shape

Rosalind Franklin

What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty discover?

transformation involves DNA transfer between cells

What did Frederick Griffith do?

Griffith studied pneumonia bacteria. In 1928, he isolated two strains of bacteria, and injected them into mice. Griffiths findings: Injection of live R strain was harmless (mice lived)

Injection of live S strain caused pneumonia (mice died)

Injection of heat-killed S Strain was harmless (mice lived)

BUT....Injection of mixture of live R strain with the heat-killed S strain caused pneumonia (mice died)

What does epigenetic mean?

outside the gene

What are epigenetics?

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Define replication fork

The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand.

true or false translation happens in the nucleus

False

True or False transcription happens in the nucleus

True

What type of sugar does DNA have

deoxyribose

what type of sugar does RNA have

ribose

how many strands does RNA have

one

what are the letter names of the bases RNA has?

A,U,C,G

what is the first step of Cell reproduction

Replication of all DNA in the chromosomes